坐禅与吟诗:贾岛的佛禅因缘

Meditation and Poetry:The Karma of Buddhist Meditation on Jia Dao

贾岛诗中交往的僧人较多,宗派身份较复杂,但他与南宗禅师关系更密切,更信奉南禅宗旨。贾岛诗中描写的佛教生活,最突出的是坐禅,特别是霜天雪夜的独自静坐。南宗禅只反对把坐禅当做成佛的唯一途径,并非取消坐禅。在中晚唐时代,坐禅仍是南宗基本行仪之一。贾岛诗中方外题材占很大比例,对僧人生活和僧居环境的偏爱,使得其诗风充满“僧味”,形成诗中“以鸟对僧”的独特现象。好用清寒孤寂的形容词和名词,则使得其诗风偏向“冷格”。《二南密旨》与贾岛诗学观念相通,晚唐诗格类著作受其影响,被称为“贾岛格”。“诗为儒者禅”的说法化解了贾岛作诗带“僧味”与论诗崇儒家之间的矛盾。

There are many monks in Jia Dao’s poems,and their sectarian identity is complicated.However,he has a closer relationship with Nanzong Zen masters and he believes in Nanzong Zen purposes.The most prominent Buddhist life described in Jia Dao’s poems is meditation,especially solitary meditation on snowy and frosty nights.Nanzong Zen only opposes meditation as the only way to Buddha,rather than cancel meditation.In the mid-to-late Tang dynasty,meditation was still one of the basic rituals of Nanzong.There are a large proportion of subject matters beyond the mundane in Jia Dao’s poems.His preference for monk’s life and living environment makes his poetic style full of“monk flavor”,forming a unique phenomenon of“birds to monks”in poems.The use of adjectives and nouns that are cold and lonely makes his poetry tend to be“cold”.Er Nan Mi Zhi and Jia Dao’s poetic concepts are interlinked,by which poems of the late Tang dynasty were influenced,namely“Jia Dao Ge”.The statement that“Poetry is Confucian Zen”resolves the contradiction between Jia Dao’s poems with“monk flavor”and poetry advocating Confucianism.