市场化改革与劳动力市场参与的性别差异——20年变迁的视角

Gender Gap in Workplace in the Era of Marketization:A 20-year Perspective

1990—2010年是中国经济社会最活跃、结构性变迁最剧烈的时期,与就业相关的社会情境和公共政策都发生了巨大变化,进而可能作用于两性的劳动力市场参与及性别差异。本文利用1990年、2000年和2010年三次中国妇女社会地位调查数据,通过对女性劳动力的市场参与机会与参与结果的纵向比较分析,试图辨识时期效应和性别制度效应。结果发现,在此期间两性的在业概率双双下降,但女性的降幅远超男性;两性的收入水平双双提升,但男性的增速远超女性,故职场机会和就业结果的性别差异均随市场化的推进而加大。“双降”和“双升”应被解读为时代特征,是市场化和城镇化的结果;而在这种“变态”中彰显出来的随时间而加大的性别差异,则是一以贯之的“常态”,应被视为传统性别规制的延续及市场化改革带来的强化效应。未来的公共政策须进一步提升劳动力市场上的性别平等意识、细化保障女性就业的法律制度,从而帮助女性(和男性)实现自己的职业期待与家庭期待。

The 20 years between 1990 and 2010 is the period that China’s socioeconomic transformation is the most active and structural changes are most intense.The context and public policies related to the labor market have changed dramatically,which may affect women’s labor force participation and the gender gap in the workplace.Drawing on the data of three waves of China’s Women’s Social Status Survey in 1990,2000 and 2010,this paper investigates the relationship between women’s labor force participation and marketization.It has been found that the likelihood of employment of men and women has both declined in this time span,but it reduced faster for women than for men.Conversely,the wage income has gone up substantially for both sexes,but the increase of men is faster than that of women.Therefore,the gender gap in these two indicators has enlarged with the process of marketization.The“double reduction”of employment and“double increment”of wage for women and men can be interpreted as the period effect(i.e.,the results of marketization and urbanization).However,the enlarged gender gap might be the consequence of old gender norms which has been further strengthened by marketization.In the future,public policies have to pay attention to the further promotion of gender equality in labor market,the further refinement of legal system to ensure the equal rights of women’s employment,and help women(and men)to realize their career expectations and family expectations.