美国校园性骚扰防治机制研究

Research on the Prevention Mechanism of Sexual Harassment on American Campus

校园性骚扰侵犯学生的人格尊严、平等受教育权和性自主权等多项人权。国家承担人权保障义务,必须采取措施保障每个学生免于遭受校园性骚扰。同时,学校也有义务给学生提供安全、平等、和谐的校园环境。但是,性骚扰在全世界范围内都是一个棘手的、充满争议的话题。美国将性骚扰纳入性别歧视中进行理论论证和法律规制,校园性骚扰作为性骚扰的特殊样态,相应地被纳入禁止教育领域中性别歧视的法律规定进行防治。本文从国家和学校两个层面对美国校园性骚扰的防治机制进行阐释,一方面梳理美国联邦系统从立法、司法、行政各个层面对校园性骚扰的规制,另一方面以耶鲁大学为例,展现美国高校应对校园性骚扰的防治措施。同时分析阐释美国相关制度的特点、优势和不足,期待为我国防治校园性骚扰提供前车之鉴。

Sexual harassment on campus violates a number of students’human rights,including rights to dignity,equal education and sexual autonomy.The State bears the obligations to protect human rights,and must take measures to protect every student from sexual harassment on campus.Schools also have an obligation to provide students with a safe,equal and harmonious campus environment.However,sexual harassment is a thorny and controversial topic all over the world.In the United States,sexual harassment is considered a form of sex discrimination for theoretical argumentation and regulatory purposes.Sexual harassment at institutions of higher education is a special form of sexual harassment,so prevention and response measures for sexual harassment are included in the legal provisions prohibiting sex discrimination in education.This article looks at the prevention mechanism of sexual harassment at the national and school level.First,it reviews how the legislative,judicial and administrative levels in the US federal system address sexual harassment on campus.Then,using Yale University as an example,looks at sexual harassment prevention and response mechanisms at US institutions of higher education.The article also analyzes the special characteristics and deficiencies of sexual harassment prevention and response strategies and mechanisms in the United States,with the hope that China’s prevention and response to campus sexual harassment can learn from the United States’experience and mistakes.