中国北方游牧民族骑射传统形成考略

A research on the formation of the horsemanship and archery tradition of the nomadic nation in northern China

运用二重证据法和实地调查法,结合地理环境和生产力发展,对中国北方游牧民族骑射传统的起源与发展等问题进行考证。研究认为火、弓箭的发明与马的驯化是骑射形成的先决条件,气候变冷与马具的创造是骑马民族骑射形成的直接原因,夏家店上层文化遗存人群是最早进行骑射的北方民族,骑射的出现早于专业化游牧民族的形成;随着游牧民族政权的更迭与互动,弓马用具不断被发明、创造和完善,促进了骑射传统的发展演变;地理环境是维系骑射传统生存发展的土壤,对大自然的崇拜与依赖,衍生出诸多与骑射相关的祭祀娱乐活动。在多民族国家建构视野下,通过对游牧民族骑射传统形成的考述,审视中国古代体育的历史作用和现实意义。

By means of double evidence and filed investigation,and combining with the geographic environment and productivity development,this paper conducts a historically empirical research on the origin and development of the horsemanship and archery tradition of the nomadic people in northern China.The research holds that the preconditions to create horsemanship and archery are the invention of fire and bow as well as the domestication of horse,and the direct reasons to create horsemanship and archery for nomadic people are chilly climate and the invention of harness;the remaining people with upper culture in Xiajiadian may be the earliest northern nation that horsemanship and archery are on the back of the horse,and the advent of horsemanship and archery may be earlier than the formation of the professional nomadic nation;with the interaction and iteration of the regime for nomadic nation,and the increasing invention,creation and improvement of harness and bow,promotes the evolution and development of horsemanship and archery tradition;geographic environment must be the soil to maintain survive and develop for horsemanship and archery tradition,and the adoration and dependence for the nature also evolves lots of sacrifice and creation activities related to horsemanship and archery.Under the perspective of construction with multinational country,this study examines the historical effect and realistic meaning of Chinese ancient sports through investigating and reviewing the formation of horsemanship and archery tradition for nomadic nation.