魏晋南北朝乡村聚落的变迁

The Change of Rural Community During Wei,Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties

魏晋南北朝时期与乡里制度密切相关的乡村聚落形态出现很大变化。三国时期乡里制度破坏严重,晋武帝一度恢复乡里制,南朝齐梁时行“村长”“村司”制,北魏孝文帝行邻里党三长制,里居形式部分得到恢复。隋统一后改为族闾保三长制,以村落形式恢复了秦汉里居形式,聚落化、地域化的趋势已经开始。“村”至少出现在东汉章帝之时。魏晋南北朝时期乡村居住形式有防御性坞堡垒壁与乡村里居两种,政府对前者的管控十分有限,乃至有时完全失控,而对后者则能进行有效管控。

Through the Wei,Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties,the form of rural community which was closely related to the rural system experienced great changes.During the period of the Three Kingdoms,rural system had been severely damaged.After that,Emperor Jin Wu restored the rural system for a time.During the Southern Dynasties,the"village chief"and"village secretary"system was implemented at Qi and Liang.Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty ran the Three Leaders System of the neighborhood party,and the form of the village settling was partially restored.After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty,it was changed to the Three Chiefs System as patriarch,township chief and Bao Zhang,which restored the form of residence in Qin and Han Dynasty as a village living form and started the trend of settlement and regionalization.The concept and name of"cun"at least appeared during the reign of Emperor Zhang in the Eastern Han Dynasty.During Wei,Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties,there were two rural living types:defensive fortress and rural settling.The government had very limited control over the former and sometimes completely lost control,while could effectively controlled the latter.