我国农村分散型污水处理设施与设备性能评估体系的建立

Establishment of the assessment system of Chinese decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and equipment

我国农村分散型污水处理设施与设备正处于向正规化和可持续化转变的关键阶段。如何构建具有我国特色的农村分散型污水处理设施与设备的完整评估体系,真实提供科学评估后的处理效率,从而切实提高真正具有长期稳定运行能力的适用技术与设备的应用比率,这是我国当前农村分散型污水处理中亟需解决的关键问题。通过对欧、美、日等发达国家(地区)分散型污水处理设施与设备性能评估体系的系统剖析发现,这些国家在构建相关上位法律的基础上,建立标准化的评估流程与多样化的性能评估内容是评估体系能够真正发挥作用的重要保证。我国未来的评估体系应首先考虑建立合格的独立第三方评估主体,保证认证过程的公正性与评估结果的公平性;其次,认证内容方面则应坚持多元化的性能认证,引导未来分散型污水处理“因地制宜”的发展趋势;第三,提倡在标准进水及变化条件下对多类污染物的去除效率评价,体现设施运维的操作便利性,为未来可能的工艺组合中提供准确的污染物单元削减能力。我国的分散型污水处理设施与设备的评估体系的建立将为当前各项繁杂技术的比对提供统一客观依据,进一步地规范污水处理技术与设施设备的市场化选择运行,有效推广低成本、低能耗、易维护、高效率污水处理技术的实际应用,从而为农村人居环境改善中“梯次推进农村生活污水治理”的目标奠定坚实的技术评价基础。

Decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and equipment are at a critical stage of the transition to formalization and sustainability.How to build an entire evaluation system for these decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and equipment with Chinese essential characteristics,and genuinely provide the treatment efficiency after scientific evaluation,to indeed increase the application rate of applicable technologies and equipment with long-term stable operation capability,is a critical issue that needs to be urgently addressed in the current decentralized wastewater treatment.A systematic analysis of the performance evaluation systems of decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and equipment in developed countries such as Europe,the United States,and Japan found that the establishment of standardized evaluation processes and diversified performance evaluation content based on relevant overarching laws in these countries is an essential guarantee for the evaluation system to carry out function.The Chinese evaluation system should focus on establishing independent third-party assessment body,ensuring the impartiality of the certification process and the fairness of the evaluation results.The certification content should emphasize the diversified performance certification to guide the future development trend of‘adaptation to local conditions’for decentralized wastewater treatment.At the same time,the evaluation on the removal efficiencies of various types of pollutants under standard influent and changing conditions was advocated,which can reflect the operational convenience of facility operation and maintenance,and provide accurate pollutant reduction capacity per unit in possible future process combinations.The establishment of Chinese decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and equipment evaluation system will provide a unified and objective basis for the comparison of various complicated technologies,further regulate the market selection and operation of sewage treatment technologies,facilities and equipment,effectively promote the practical application of low-cost,low-energy,easy-to-maintain and high-efficiency sewage treatment technologies,and lay a solid technical evaluation basis for the goal of“gradually pushing the rural domestic sewage treatment forward”in the improvement of the rural human environment.