身份、边界与认同分化:国有建筑企业二元用工的生成与维系

Status, Boundaries and Identity Differentiation: the Production and Reproduction of Dual Employment in State-owned Construction Enterprises

基于劳务派遣、劳务分包等非正规用工的二元用工,当前已成为国有建筑企业普遍采用的用工制度。以往研究对国有建筑企业二元用工的产生发展和实践表现有所呈现,但关于其实现机制的探讨尚显不足。文章基于国有建筑企业S集团公司的个案研究发现:改革开放以后,在国家经济社会体制改革的大背景下,伴随行业生产管理体制和劳动用工制度改革,建筑行业和国有建筑企业先后通过制造身份差异构筑边界和利用城—乡公民身份差异划定边界,使得二元用工体制得以形成;之后,通过工作场所中身份区隔的劳动管理实践,维护了二元用工的边界;而职工和劳务工基于劳动体验和社会地位差异的认同分化和身份再生产,则保证了国有建筑企业二元用工体系的维系。概言之,国有建筑企业二元用工的生成和维系,是国家、企业组织和劳动者三种力量交织作用的结果。但在其过程中,国家而非资本,居于主导地位。

Dual employment based on informal employment such as labor dispatch and labor subcontract has become common employment in state-owned construction enterprises. Previous studies have shown the emergence, development and practice of dual employment in state-owned construction enterprises, however, the discussion on its production and reproduction mechanism is still insufficient. Based on the case study of S Group Company, a state-owned construction enterprise, it is found that after the reform and opening up, with the reform of systems of the industrial production management and the labor employment, the construction industry and the state-owned construction enterprises have successively constructed boundaries by making different workers and demarcated boundaries by making use of differences between urban and rural citizenship, thus forming a dual employment system. After that, the boundaries of dual employment were maintained through the labor management practice of identity segregation in the workplace. And then, the identity differentiation and identity reproduction between staff and laborers based on working experience and social status differentiation ensure the reproduction of the dual employment system in state-owned construction enterprises. In a word, the production and reproduction of dual employment in state-owned construction enterprises are the result of the interweaving of the state, the capital and employees. But in the process, the state, but not capital, dominates.