国际气候政治中的负外部性权力及其影响

The Impact of Negative Externality Power in International Climate Politics

当前全球气候治理中各国的温室气体减排进程缓慢。文章通过"负外部性权力"的视角分析这种国家行为体削减自身负外部性意愿和行动力不足的问题。在特定条件下,负外部性形成一种权力资源。其发挥作用的原理是产生负外部性的主体可以凭借负外部性为条件与其他行为体讨价还价以增加自身的获益或使自身处于有利地位,因此负外部性具有关系性权力和结构性权力的属性。在气候政治中国家行为体特别是排放大国倾向于使用负外部性权力影响总体谈判进程和其他行为体以获取利益。通过案例研究,文章认为在国际气候政治里美国主要是消极使用负外部性权力,欧盟则是积极使用负外部性权力的典型,而中国也拥有越来越多的负外部性权力资源。为了更好地解决负外部性问题,应当承认负外部性权力存在的客观性和普遍性,并在合理限度内对其进行使用。

In global climate governance, the process of greenhouse gas emission reduction is in a fix. From the perspective of "negative externality power", the paper explains why the state actors have insufficient willingness and action to reduce their negative externality. It suggests that negative externality is a sort of power resource. Under certain circumstances, the actor producing negative externality is able to bargain with other actors to increase its own benefits or make itself in a favorable position. Therefore, negative externality power can contribute to one’s relational power as well as structural power. In climate politics, state actors, especially big emitters, tend to use negative externality power to influence the overall negotiation process and other actors to gain benefits. Through case study, the paper argues that in international climate politics the United States mainly uses negative external power in a negative manner while the European Union is a typical example which positively uses the power. China also has more and more negative external power resources nowadays. In order to better solve the problem of negative externality, state actors should recognize the objectivity and universality of the existence of negative externality power, and use it within a reasonable limit.