美感何以得自由:歌谣的纯粹鉴赏判断

How Can Aesthetic Feeling be Free: Pure Judgment of Taste about Folk Songs

在康德的学生赫尔德以及欧洲浪漫主义思潮的影响下,中国现代学者曾对歌谣的感性特质做出崭新发现,并对歌谣情感的普遍性与特殊性形成难以调解的对立看法。他们之所以没能找到调解办法,是因为忽视了歌谣情感的先验感性层面。以重新阐释康德感性学的自由理念为基础,既能厘清歌谣的纯粹鉴赏判断何以让美感得自由,也能表明这种应该得到每个他人赞同的个人情感就是自由的普遍情感。歌谣乃至民间文学的鉴赏判断,无论是纯粹的还是应用的,都能够超越感官欣赏的主观性和私人性,恢复美感的公共性和普遍可分享性。只有在先验感性层面培养公共思维方式,我们的判断力才能摆脱各种成见、偏见的束缚而臻于自由之境,审美才不是无足轻重的小事,而是关乎每个人的理性成长和思想自由的大事。

Under the influence of Herder as Kant’s student and European romantic thoughts,Chinese modern scholars rediscovered aesthetic quality of folk songs,and had two opposite views on universality and particularity of feelings about folk songs.But they could not find room for compromise on this question because of their overlooking transcendental dimension of aesthetic feeling about folk songs.By reconsidering Kant’s idea of transcendental freedom,we can not only find a way to deal with this difficult question,but also interpret theoretically how pure judgment of taste about folk songs can be free.This kind of individual feeling,which ought to be endorsed by everybody at transcendental dimension,is free aesthetic feeling.Therefore,pure judgment of taste about folk songs is beneficial to training public way of thinking and has great significance for everybody to learn how to use his or her own reason.