清代淮南盐场荡地赋役与地理分层研究

The Research of the Taxation and Geography Stratification of the Grass Land in Huainan Salterns in Qing Dynasty

清初淮南盐场灶课原额的确定,不是对明代数据的完全继承,而是以明末本色盐引折银数为原额,利用草荡亩数和盐引数进行计算的结果,反映出灶课已转化为向盐场荡地所征的赋税。在此基础上,灶户可以通过报升获得新淤荡地,使其成为私有财产,并引起灶、民、商之间的荡地交易。乾隆年间,江苏巡抚打破户籍限制将新淤荡地分给主,使淮南盐场真正迎来了“场商散做制”的发展,荡地逐渐集中在场商手中。另一方面,随着地理环境和赋役制度的变化,范公堤以东的盐场逐渐形成了“农灶—草荡—煎灶”的土地利用方式,以及与之对应的“总(团)—公樵地—灶”的地理分层。

In the early Qing Dynasty,the original amount of Zao(salt-worker)household taxation in south Lianghuai salt fields is not inherited from Ming Dynasty but calculated from the amount of Zao corvee paid in silver in Late Ming Dynasty.The amount of marshlands(Dangdi)and salt weight units(Yin)were computed results from it,which indicated that the Zao corvee was transformed into land taxation in Qing Dynasty.On this basis,Zao household registered and privatized their marshlands and traded with Min(civilians)household and merchants.During Qianlong Period,the authority distributed the newly sedimentary land to the monopoly producer instead of the actual manufactures in order to adapt the marketization of salt production,causing a wage of development of Huainan salt field in Qianlong and Jiaqing times.On the other hand,with the Changes in the geographical environment of salt field,different taxation systems from Ming to Qing have left different imprints on the way of social organization.The east Fangong Dike region were divided into different land use mode as“agriculture-grass-salt industry”,which corresponds to the geographical stratification of“Zong-public marshland-Zao”.