时间副词“难得”的跨层词汇化与主观化

Lexicalization and Subjectivization of Syntactic Sequence of Time Adverb “Nande”

"难得"作为时间副词在现代汉语中频繁单独使用,并且多分布于首位置。"难得"在先秦时期就已经出现,那时候它是一个跨层结构,是由形容词"难"和单音节动词"得"构成,由于"得"的宾语常常前置,导致单音节动词"得"悬空。在双音化的汉语标准音步推动下,紧邻相依的"难得"被重新分析为状中短语。状中结构"难得"于宋朝时期词汇化为形容词,语义泛化为"罕见的、珍贵的",并表现出时间副词化的倾向。至元代,时间副词"难得"形成。作为发展的连续统,时间副词"难得"经历了主观化过程,于明朝时期再虚化为情态副词,进而发展出"赞叹、感激、意外"等三种情态义。在跨层结构"难得"词汇化、语法化和主观化的过程中,语义因素、句法位置、语音推动等因素发挥了重要作用。

In modern Chinese,"Nande"is frequently used as a time adverb, which is often distributed at the beginning of a sentence."Nande"appeared as early as the pre-Qin period. At that time, it was a syntactic sequence, which was composed of the adjective"Nan"and the monosyllabic verb"De". Because the object of"De"is often prefixed, the monosyllabic verb"De"is suspended. Driven by the disyllabic Chinese standard step,"Nande", which is closely related to each other, is re-analyzed as a Chinese phrase. The phrase"Nande"was lexically changed into adjectives in the Song Dynasty, and its semantic generalization was "rare and precious", showing the tendency of time adverbization. The time adverb"Nande"was formed in the Yuan Dynasty. As a continuous development process, the time adverb"Nande"went through the subjective process and became a modal adverb in the Ming Dynasty, and then it developed three modal meanings such as"admiration, gratitude, and accident". In the process of lexicalization, grammarization, and subjectivization of the syntactic sequence of"Nande", semantic factors,syntactic position and phonetic have played an important role.