超高温好氧发酵技术:堆肥快速腐熟与污染控制机制

Hyperthermophilic composting of organic solid wastes:accelerated humification and pollution control mechanisms

高温好氧发酵(堆肥化)技术是实现有机固体废物处理与资源化利用的重要手段。长期以来,发酵温度低、腐熟周期长、无害化不彻底等缺点严重制约传统堆肥工艺广泛应用。超高温堆肥(或称超高温好氧发酵)作为一种新颖的好氧发酵技术,已在工程实践中被证明能够克服传统高温堆肥的诸多缺点;该工艺利用外源添加的超高温好氧发酵菌剂,使堆体温度迅速上升至80℃以上,并能持续5~7 d,在促进堆肥快速腐熟和污染控制等方面展现出优越的技术性能。本文综述了超高温堆肥技术发展历程、核心技术特征以及在堆肥腐熟过程和二次污染控制机制等方面的最新研究进展,包括超高温堆肥快速腐殖化、氧化亚氮减排、抗生素抗性基因消减、微塑料降解、重金属钝化等多种污染物去除或控制机制等,以期为有机固体废物超高温堆肥处理与资源化利用工程实践提供科学依据。

Thermophilic aerobic fermentation(composting)is an important biotechnology for the treatment and resource utilization of various organic solid wastes.However,conventional composting restricts a wide application due to its low fermentation temperature ranging from 50℃to 70℃,long composting period and unsatisfying compost quality.Recently,an innovating technology of hyperthermophilic composting(also known as hyperthermophilic aerobic fermentation)has been developed and confirmed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional composting in engineering practice.Compared to conventional composting,it can run at high temperatures over 80℃for 5 to 7 days by the inoculation of hyperthermophilic bacteria,which results in the advantages of accelerated humification and effective pollution control.This paper aims to review the recent research progress on the development process,key technical characteristics,and the accelerated humification and pollution control mechanisms of hyperthermophilic composting,including the emission reduction of N2O,the removal of antibiotic resistance genes,the biodegradation of microplastics,and the passivation of heavy metals.This review will provide theoretical and practical guidance for treating and utilizing organic solid wastes by hyperthermophilic composting.