播期与密度对鹰嘴豆物质积累运转及产量形成的影响

Effect of sowing date and density on matter accumulation and translocation and on yield of chickpeas

为探讨播期、密度及其交互作用对鹰嘴豆物质积累转运及产量形成的影响,确定适宜东北地区鹰嘴豆种植的播期和密度,本试验于2018—2019年选用‘白鹰1号’为试验材料,设置4个播期(3月29日、4月7日、4月16日和4月25日)和4个密度(16.7万株·hm^-2、11.1万株·hm^-2、8.3万株·hm^-2和6.7万株·hm^-2)处理,通过测定鹰嘴豆干物质含量、叶面积指数、产量性状以及叶绿素、可溶性糖、粗淀粉和全氮含量,对不同播期鹰嘴豆的生育进程、光合特性、群体质量、碳氮转运和产量形成进行分析。结果表明,随着播种期的推迟,鹰嘴豆的出苗期、开花期、成熟期均推迟,生育期缩短,单株荚数先增加后减少。随着生长发育的推进,不同处理的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数先上升后下降。早播的鹰嘴豆营养器官的干物质积累量低于晚播,晚播能够提高花后氮素积累量对籽粒氮素的贡献率;高密度的单株干物质积累量低于低密度,减小密度能促进可溶性糖转运量及其转运率上升,同时提高花后氮素积累量。产量与单株荚数呈正相关。播期(X1)、密度(X2)与产量(Y)的回归方程为Y=-150.2889+47.1693X1+464.0925X2-1.4999X12-11.3764X22+1.2922X1X2。综上所述,中晚播鹰嘴豆的干物质积累量高于中早播。延后播期导致花前可溶性糖积累量和籽粒淀粉含量下降,而茎、叶的花前贮存氮素转运率和转运量则先上升后下降,花后氮素积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率上升。中低密度鹰嘴豆的花前物质积累对产量影响较大,花后氮素积累量较高,而中高密度鹰嘴豆的花后物质积累对产量影响较大。中早播、中密度或中晚播、高密度的鹰嘴豆可以提高花前贮存氮素转运量对籽粒氮的贡献率。在本试验条件下,‘白鹰1号’选择播期4月23日、密度7.64万株·hm^-2的栽培方式能够获得较高产量。在生产中,可根据当地地理、气候等环境因素的变化进行调整。

This study explores the effect of sowing date and density on matter accumulation and translocation and the yield formation of chickpeas.Determining the optimum sowing date and density for chickpeas planted in Northeast China will lay a foundation for promoting the cultivation of chickpeas and the development of the chickpea industry.Four sowing dates(March 29 th,April 7 th,April 16 th and April 25 th)and four sowing densities(16.7?104 plants·hm^-2,11.1?104 plants·hm^-2,8.3?104 plants·hm^-2 and 6.7?104 plants·hm^-2)were set during 2018 and 2019.‘Baiying 1’chickpea was as material,and the growth process,photosynthetic characteristics,population quality,carbon and nitrogen translocation,and yield formation of‘Baiying 1’chickpeas during different growth periods were determined through by measuring dry matter content,leaf area index,yield components,and the content of chlorophyll,soluble sugar,starch,and total nitrogen.The date of seedling,flowering,and maturity were delayed as the sowing date was delayed,the growth period was shortened,and pods per plant initially increased,and then decreased.With the growth of chickpeas,the chlorophyll content and leaf area index of different treatments first increased and then decreased.The dry matter accumulation in the vegetative organs of chickpeas planted early was lower than in those planted late.Therefore,later sowing increased the contribution of nitrogen amount accumulated post-anthesis to the grain nitrogen.Further,the dry matter accumulation of chickpeas planted with high density was lower than those planted with low density.Decreased density promoted increased translocation,rate of pre-anthesis assimilation,and nitrogen accumulated post-anthesis.The regression equation of sowing date(X1),density(X2),and yield(Y)was Y=-150.2889+47.1693 X1+464.0925 X2-1.4999 X12-11.3764 X22+1.2922 X1 X2.In summary,the dry matter accumulation of chickpeas planted with intermediate and late sowing dates was higher than those with intermediate and early sowing dates.With delayed sowing date,the soluble sugar accumulation and starch content in seeds decreased,and the redistribution amount and efficiency of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis stored in stems and leaves first increased and then decreased;however,the contribution of nitrogen accumulated post-anthesis to the grain nitrogent of chickpea increased.The effect of translocation on the yield of pre-anthesis of chickpeas planted with medium and low density was large,and the amount of nitrogen accumulated post-anthesis was high.Moreover,the effect of post-anthesis assimilate accumulation of chickpeas planted with medium and high density on yield was significant.The contribution of redistribution of nitrogen accumulated pre-anthesis to grain nitrogen of chickpeas planted with intermediate and early sowing dates with medium density or intermediate and late sowing dates with high density increased.Under the conditions of this experiment,the optimal cultivation of‘Baiying 1’occurred when sown on April 23 th,with a density of 7.64×10^4 plants·hm^-2.However,this could vary with differing local geographical,climatic,and other environmental factors.