克罗齐、金蒂莱与意大利国家认同建构(1903-1924)

Croce,Gentile and the Construction of National Identity in Italy(1903—1924)

国家认同问题,是历史上和现实中意大利所面临的核心问题之一。为解决这一问题,克罗齐、金蒂莱从1903年开始学术合作,出版《批判》杂志,通过译介与研究相结合的方式,建构意大利国家认同。两者初期基于共同的唯心主义立场,同异并存地批判实证主义,旨在阐述独特的意大利历史知识观。从1915到1924年,面对“一战”后兴起的法西斯主义,克罗齐持“观望”态度,金蒂莱持支持态度。这种态度差异因二人先后参政,分别担任焦利蒂内阁和墨索里尼内阁的教育部长,逐渐升格为政治立场的对立。总体而言,在国家认同建构问题上,克罗齐、金蒂莱都以意大利的当下这个“经验空间”为中心,勾勒出以实现文化层面的民族复兴运动为目标、以意大利未来为导向的“期待视域”。从1903到1924年,虽然克罗齐、金蒂莱在建构国家认同过程中总体上呈现出一种“合力”,但其中也存在学术观点、政治立场上的“差异”和“张力”。

The problem of national identity is one of the core problems faced by Italy in history and in reality.In order to solve this problem,Croce and Gentile began their academic cooperation in 1903,publishing La Critica,and constructing Italian national identity through the combination of translation and research.Based on the common idealism,they criticized positivism with the difference,aiming to elaborate the unique view of Italian historical knowledge.From 1915 to 1924,facing the rising of fascism after the Great War,Croce held a wait-and-see attitude,and Gentile supported it.This difference in attitude is due to their successive participation in politics.They served as ministers of education in Giolitti’s cabinet and Mussolini’s cabinet respectively,and gradually became the opposition of political positions.On the whole,in terms of the construction of national identity,Croce and Gentile,centering on the current“space of experience”of Italy,have outlined a“horizon of expectation”that is oriented by Italian future and achieves the goal of Risorgimento at the cultural level.Therefore,from 1903 to 1924,although Croce and Gentile presented a“joint force”in the process of building national identity,there were also“differences”and“tensions”in academic and political positions.