疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅰ:现状与机制

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy CattleⅠ:Current Situation and Its Mechanism

过去二十多年,随着奶牛群体遗传改良计划的持续推进和养殖技术的不断进步,中国奶牛集约化养殖水平和产奶量正在不断提高。但是,历年来的繁育数据显示,越是高产的牛群,繁殖性能下降的趋势越明显,繁殖问题越突出,高产引发的繁殖力下降已经成为制约中国乃至全球奶业发展的瓶颈。低繁殖力会严重影响奶牛生产群的更新速度以及优质牛群泌乳性能的正常发挥。奶牛养殖生产中,造成高产奶牛繁殖性能降低的因素众多,包括遗传因素、环境因素和疾病因素等。近年来,疾病因素对奶牛繁殖性能的影响越来越突出。根据疾病的发生部位,可将影响高产奶牛的疾病分为生殖器官疾病和非生殖器官疾病。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了疾病通过神经系统、生殖内分泌系统和体液免疫系统等多个途径影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国高产奶牛群繁殖效率和经济效益提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。

Over the past 20 years,with the continuous promotion of the genetic improvement plan of dairy cow population and the continuous improvement of feeding technology,the intensive level and milk yield of dairy cow population in China are continuously improving.However,the reproduction data over the years showed that the more milk yield,the more obviously decline in reproductive performance,and the more prominent of the reproductive problems.The decline of fertility caused by high yield has become the bottleneck of the development of dairy industry in China and even in the world.In dairy farming,there are many factors that cause the reduction of reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows,including genetic factors,environmental factors and disease factors.Recently,the influence of disease factors on reproductive performance of dairy cows has become more and more prominent.According to the location of the disease,the diseases can be divided into genital diseases and non-genital diseases.This paper discussed the relevant research data on the effects of different diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focusing on the analysis of the molecular mechanism of diseases affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows through the nervous system,reproductive endocrine system and humoral immune system.The prospect and thinking for the future research of diseases and reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows were put forward to provide reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency and economic benefits of high-yield dairy cows in China.