五代宋初兵马都监的演进与地方武力的整合

A Study on the Relationship between the Change of Bingma-Dujian and the Reorganization of Local Military Force in the Five Dynasties and Early Song

都监源于唐后期行营都监军使,是为了统一监督来自诸道和禁军的多支部队。天复三年宦官被杀、藩镇监军使被废后,朱梁不再设藩镇监军使,只设主要由内职担任的行营都监。后唐建立后,庄宗在地方重设宦官监军使,行营监军亦由宦官充任。明宗即位后,再杀诸道宦官监军使,行营都监亦回归后梁之制,屯驻都监则随着禁军、藩镇军分屯迅速发展。出于御边考虑,明宗明确规定屯驻军队由本地节帅指挥,屯驻都监成为节帅下级,不过屯驻都监有单独奏事权,依然可以发挥监督一方之责。宋初随着知州制取代刺史制,屯驻都监获得部分地方统兵权,地位一度上升。但随着诸州军队被拣选为中央禁军,屯驻都监地位又很快下降。宋太宗朝都部署体制确立后,驻泊都监成为地方重要统兵官。至此,北宋都监制度基本尘埃落定。

Bingma-Dujian originated from Du-Jianjun-Shi of field headquarter in Late Tang Dynasty.Its duty was unified supervision of Fanzhens’armies and imperial guard.After the coup in 903 during which eunuchs served as Dujian were massacred,Fanzhen Jianjun-Shi was abolished.There were only Dujians of field headquarters which were held by military officers trusted by the emperor.The eunuch Dujian and Jianjun-Shi were resetted in the period of Zhuangzong,but abolished again by Tang Mingzong.Stationing Dujian developed with the distributed station of imperial guards and Fanzhens’armies.In order to defend the border,Mingzong ordained all the stationing army be commanded by Jiedu-Shi,and stationing Dujian became inferior officers of Jiedu-Shi.However,as stationing Dujian had the power to report to the emperor directly,they still played important roles to supervise Jiedu-Shi.As CiShi was replaced by Zhizhou in early Song,stationing Dujian gained some local military leadership and got a higher status.At the same time,the military power of Fanzhen was transferred to the central government,stationing Dujian soon became to be not prominent.After the establishment of the system of Du-Bushu,Zhubo-Dujian became important local military officer,which lead to the stability of Bingma-Dujian in North Song.