我国北方地区清洁供暖技术现状与问题探讨

Technology Status and Discussion on Challenges of Clean Heating in Northern China

近年来,我国北方地区雾霾天气频发,京津冀地区尤为严重。受经济成本、取暖模式等诸多因素影响,短期内燃烧化石能源仍为北方地区冬季取暖的主要形式。推进我国北方地区冬季清洁取暖工作是中央提出的一项重要战略部署。文章回顾了区域供热技术发展的大致历程,介绍了近10年来国家相关的供热政策,详细比对分析了我国北方现有各项清洁供暖技术的优劣,包括:清洁燃煤供暖、天然气供暖、电制热供暖、地热供暖、生物质能清洁供暖、太阳能供暖、工业余热供暖、核能供暖等,最后对清洁供暖领域存在的关键共性问题进行了深入剖析,并探讨解决路径。为推进我国北方地区清洁取暖工作的可持续发展,建议今后围绕3个方面重点开展工作:(1)逐步建立清洁取暖科学评价体系,从全生命周期角度主要考量能效指标、经济指标和环境影响指标等性能参数;(2)有序推进供热管网节能改造和采暖末端能效提升,逐步健全现有供热系统评价体系,对于供热管网先评估后改造,逐一突破;(3)积极探索多方共赢长效机制,注重顶层设计与协调,加强区域政策配套与完善。

In recent years, haze weather has frequently occurred in Northern China, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Burning fossil fuels in winter, in the short term, is still a major method to get warm in Northern China because of the influences of economic cost and heating mode. Promoting clean heating is an important strategic decision of the Party Central Committee and the State Council. This article reviewed the development course of district heating in the first place. After that, the relevant policies of heating in the last ten years were briefly introduced. Moreover, the technical advantages and disadvantages of various clean heating, such as clean coal heating, natural gas heating, electric power heating, geothermal heating, biomass energy heating, solar energy heating, waste heat energy heating, nuclear energy heating, and so on, were analyzed in detail. Finally, the key common issues of clean heating were discussed and the solutions were proposed. In order to promote the sustainable development of clean heating in Northern China, it is necessary to focus on three aspects in the future. First, a scientific evaluation system of clean heating should be established. Major performance parameters including energy efficiency, economic index, and environmental impact index should be investigated in terms of the system’s whole life cycle. Second, the energy-saving renovation of heating network should be sequentially promoted. It is suggested that systematic evaluation of the original heating system should be established before any modification. Finally, mechanism of long-term mutual win needs to be explored. Top-level design and coordination from the central government and regional support from the local government should be strengthened.