民法免责事由与刑法出罪事由的互动关系研究

On the Interaction between Exoneration Cause in Civil Law and Decriminalization Cause in Criminal Law

面对无法停止的犯罪化趋势,刑法中法定的出罪事由相对供应不足。基于法秩序统一性的立场,出罪事由具有开放性特征。《民法典》的通过与实施,为刑法出罪事由的发展提供了契机。通过民法与刑法的对话,可以发现,一方面,民法和刑法整体的规范指引方向是一致的,刑法可以从被害人同意、自甘风险、自救行为、赔偿和解等民法中更加丰富的免责事由发现能够适用于刑法的出罪事由,从而充实刑法的出罪资源。另一方面,规制目的的差异以及刑事政策的作用,民法中的免责事由和刑法中出罪事由的判断并不完全等同。民法中的正当防卫与刑法中的正当防卫在防卫限度的判断上存在着差异,形式上可能导致刑法上的正当防卫行为却被民法认定为防卫过当行为的矛盾,但此种矛盾是二者基于不同规制目的形成的,并没有也不会从实质上消解法秩序统一性。

In the face of the trend of endless criminalization,the legal decriminalization cause in criminal law are relatively insufficient.Based on the unity of legal order,the decriminalization causes has the characteristics of openness.The adoption and implementation of the Civil Code provides an opportunity for the development of decriminalization causes.Through the dialogue between civil law and criminal law,it can be found that,on the one hand,the direction of norms and guidelines of civil law and criminal law is consistent on the whole.Criminal law can develop more decriminalization causes from civil law,such as consent of victims,voluntary risk,self-rescue behavior,compensation and reconciliation,so as to enrich the resources of crimes of criminal law.On the other hand,due to the difference of regulation purpose and the role of criminal policy,the judgment of exemption cause in civil law is not the same as that of decriminalization causes in criminal law.There are differences between the self-defense in civil law and the self-defense in criminal law in the judgment of defense limit,which may cause the self-defense behavior in criminal law to be recognized as the contradiction of excessive defense behavior in civil law.Besides,such contradiction is formed based on different regulatory purposes,and will not eliminate the unity of legal order in essence.