清朝对东北滨海边疆地区的开拓与经营——以康乾时期边民群体霍集珲的活动为中心

On the Qing Administration in the Northeast Coastal Area:Focusing on the Activities of Hojihon During the Kangxi to Qianlong Period

霍集珲是指携带规定数目皮毛前往北京成功求娶八旗女子为妻的边民,集“清廷女婿”、“清廷代言人”及“丝貂商人”等多重身份为一体。霍集珲齐尔巴努及其孙戴柱,在康雍时期东北滨海边疆地区的开拓进程中,分别替清廷招抚了库页岛上的依对乡、西奥部之人。乾隆七年七月,在黑龙江下游流域的齐集乡发生一起因霍集珲的经济纠纷引发的仇杀事件。对这起边民仇杀案的审理,不仅体现出乾隆年间清廷对东北滨海边疆地区的有效管理,还彰显出在处理边民事务时“因俗而治”的管理策略。缘于清廷在该地未设置强有力的管理机构,日俄势力方能在清朝国力衰退之时得以入侵。

Hojihon(霍集珲)is a term to call the successful border men who have carried a required number of fur to Beijing and married Eight Banner women.They have a multiple identity refers to“the sons-in-law of the court”,“spokesman of the Qing Dynasty’,and“silk and marten merchants”.Among them,Cirbanu(齐尔巴努)and his grandson Daiju(戴柱)recruited and appeased the people of Idui(依对)and Hio(西奥)Villages for the Qing Dynasty during the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods.In 1742,an accident involved Hojihon caused by economic disputes happened in the Kiji(齐集)Village located in the lower reaches of the Amur River.In this accident,five people were killed and two injured.The trial procedure and final disposal of this case not only presented the Qing government’s effective jurisdiction on the northeast coastal frontier,but also revealed the management strategy of“ruling according to the local customs”.