论宋代的“贬扬”思潮

On the Thought of“Devaluation and Promotion”in the Song Dynasty

宋代“贬扬”思潮的出现和发展,是古文家、道学家、政治家合力的结果。宋初的贤、圣之分,已将扬雄从“圣人”降为“贤人”;其后以欧阳修、苏轼为代表的古文家又认为扬雄“道不足”,批评其艰深晦涩的模拟文风,是为宋代“贬扬”之滥觞。以朱熹为代表的道学家极端重道轻文,故在重建道统谱系时,深责扬雄仕莽之非,并全面否定其在儒学和文学上的地位,使“贬扬”达到高潮。南宋政治家们则将王安石“尊扬”视为北宋灭亡的原因之一,故因痛恨王安石而“贬扬”,使政治伦理与品德操行成为评价士人的首要标准。这就意味着“贬扬”不仅涉及文章学术之评价,更关乎士人品节、国家兴衰等是非大义,对此后的士大夫心态产生了重要的影响。

The emergence and development of the thought of“devaluation and promotion”in Song Dynasty is the result of the joint efforts of ancient writers,Taoists and politicians.At the beginning of Song Dynasty,Yang Xiong was reduced from“sage”to“person of virtue”.Later,the ancient writers represented by Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi thought that Yang Xiong was“deficient in Tao”,criticizing his obscure imitation style was the origin of“demotion”in Song Dynasty.The Taoists,represented by Zhu Xi,attach great importance to Taoism and despise literature.Therefore,when reconstructing the pedigree of Taoism,they are deeply responsible for promoting the non official and reckless,and completely deny their position in Confucianism and literature,so that the“devaluation and promotion”reaches the climax.The politicians of the Southern Song Dynasty regarded Wang Anshi’s“respect and promotion”as one of the reasons for the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty,so they“demoted and promoted”because they hated Wang Anshi,making political ethics and moral conduct the primary criteria for evaluating scholars.This means that“devaluation”is not only related to the academic evaluation of the article,but also to the moral integrity of the scholars,the rise and fall of the country and so on.Therefore,it has an important impact on the mentality of the scholar officials since then.