在工商性、主体性与政治性之间——民国初外蒙古铁道修筑权交涉案述论

Among Commerce,Subjectivity and Politics:On the Negotiation Case of Railway Construction Right in Outer Mongolia during the Early Republic of China

民国初年,俄国政府企图攫取修筑外蒙古铁道的优先权,其目标乃是维护俄国在外蒙古的政治、经济利益,努力使"修造铁路应成为俄蒙两国政府之共同事业"。对于这一被强加的"俄蒙铁路协约",外蒙古当局展现了强烈的主体性,一度抵制该条约,并尝试将其他国家引入外蒙古境内,用以平衡俄国人势力,但归于失败。中国政府虽然从一开始就强调,该问题之实质不是工商问题,而具有强烈的政治性,并全力维护中国在外蒙古的政治利益和主权地位,然因实力不逮,终究只是获得了一种统合外蒙古的合法形象。

In the early years of the Republic of China,the Russian government attempted to seize the priority of the construction of Outer Mongolia railway,whose goal was to safeguard the political and economic interests of Russia in Outer Mongolia and strive to make"the construction of railway should be the common cause of the Russian and Mongolian governments".For the"Russian Mongolian railway treaty"imposed,the Outer Mongolia authorities showed a strong subjectivity,once resisted the treaty,and tried to introduce other countries to balance the Russian forces,but it failed.Although the Chinese government had emphasized from the beginning that the essence of this issue was not a commercial issue,but rather a strong political one,and had made every effort to safeguard China’s political interests and sovereign status in Outer Mongolia,it acquired a legal image of integrating Outer Mongolia because of its strength.