臣道与人道:先秦儒家师道观的二重性

Officials’Morality and Humane:The Duality of Being a Confucian Teacher in the Pre-Qin Period

在周礼中,"师"本为职官,这一方面决定了师的臣道属性,但在某种意义上也意味着相对于君权的独立地位。先秦儒者于职官之"师"中特重教职,并在礼崩乐坏之际以礼乐文化的守道者自居。因此,先秦儒家的师道观兼具臣道与人道两重属性。但对于二者之间的关系,孟子之师因其"性善说"打通了个体与礼义的关系,师道的合法性不待君权而彰;荀子之师因其礼法的最终保证为制礼之圣王,君师一体的政治理想导致师道的合法性必待君权而后彰。落实到政治践履中,孟子的师道是以臣道行人道,荀子的师道则是以人道行臣道。

In the rites of Zhou,the teacher is a kind of official.On the one hand,this determines the attribute of the teacher's courtiers,but in a sense it also means the independence of the monarchy.The Confucians in the pre Qin pay special attention to the educational function of teachers.In the age of failure of social consensus,they adhere to the culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty of rites and music.Therefore,being a teacher in the Pre-Qin period means dual attributes of officials'morality and humane.Mencius believes that teachers have their own independence relative to the monarchy because of his theory of original goodness of human nature.Xunzi believes that the monarch is responsible for the teacher's function,so if the Confucianists want to teach the people,they must adhere to the monarchy.To implement the political practice,Mencius teacher practice of humane through the exercise of official duties,Xunzi's teacher practice officials duties through the humane.