气候难民的自然权利救济及其制度展开

Climate Refugees’Natural Rights to Relief and Its Institutional Development

在新的全球化时代背景下,既有国际体系和治理体制无法适应气候难民给全球治理带来的挑战。气候难民无论是作为集体还是个体均无法享有实在国际法上的救济权利。以自然权利为视角,源于地球集体所有权的紧急避难权和地球资源再分配请求权以及与领土权利相关联的集体自决权,在理论上均可作为气候难民主张权利救济的规范依据。融合分配正义和矫正正义的集体自决权方案相较于推崇分配正义的地球集体所有权方案更具公平性,而相对化集体自决权方案(去领土化国家方案)比绝对化集体自决权方案更具政治可行性。去领土化国家方案与国际气候法基本原则兼容。在后巴黎时代,国际社会应将气候难民作为一项独立谈判议题。去领土化国家方案在国际气候法框架内的展开应当以《巴黎协定》序言所载“气候正义”和“人权保障”为基点,并辅之以两方面的制度设计。一是在未来气候协议中专设气候难民条款或制定专门的气候难民协议,建立信息、资金、技术方面的互助机制,通过综合性风险管理措施提高原籍国的适应能力;二是依托既有国际气候多边合作平台,建立一套公平合理的气候难民责任分担机制,通过特殊的主权制度安排允许气候难民集体保留其国际法主体资格,并对其原领土范围内的自然资源继续享有主权。

In the current positive international law system,climate refugees,whether as a collective or as individuals,are unable to claim remedies.From the perspective of natural rights,the individual emergency asylum right and the earth resource redistribution right,which are derived from the collective ownership of the earth,and the collective self-determination right related to the territorial rights,can theoretically serve as the legal basis for claiming remedies by climate refugees.Compared with other programs,the de-territorial countries remedy program turns out to be the most appropriate choice.In the post-Paris Agreement era,efforts should be made to enhance the international community's multilateral and global cooperation on remedying climate refugees.Based on the“climate justice”and“human rights guarantee”in the preamble to the Paris Agreement,international climate law should incorporate clauses on climate refugee into future climate agreements,and establish sharing and mutual-assistance mechanisms in terms of information,finance,and technology,so as to improve the adaptability of climate refugees through comprehensive risk management measures.Furthermore,a fair and reasonable climate refugee responsibility-sharing mechanism should be established.With special sovereignty arrangements,climate refugees in the host country can still be regarded as an international legal entity,enjoy sovereignty over the natural resources within their original territory.