从张载的“天人合一”到王重阳的“性命双修”——兼论“儒道互补”在关学与全真道之间的退守与坚持

From Zhang Zai’s“Harmony Between Man and Nature”to Wang Chongyang’s“Cultivation of Nature and Life”——On the Retreat and Persistence of“The Complementarity of Confucianism and Taoism Complementation”Between Guan Xue and Quan Zhen Tao

在秦统一后的中国文化中,真正带有地方特色的学派往往产生于宋代,这当然是与宋代"偃武修文"的基本国策及其"与士大夫治天下"的文治政策密切相关的。所谓"庆历之际,学统四起",也就预示着"道学"(理学)濂、关、洛、闽之不同学派的形成。但学派的形成必须依赖一定的地域学风,而关学在张载之后"再传何其寥寥"的格局,对于地方学派而言固然是一种悲剧,但从张载的"天人合一"到王重阳的"性命双修",却恰恰提出了一个学派与学风孰更为根本的问题,而从儒学到道教似乎又存在着太大的距离。不过,如果从地域学风出发,就可以看出二者之间的内在一致性及其在基本精神上的退守与坚持关系。这样看来,学风比学派的思想观点似乎就具有更大的稳定性与传播优势。由此出发,所谓地方学派研究的真正价值并不在于对某种思想观点的坚持,而在于对优良学风的继承与发扬。从这个角度看,与其说中国的现代化追求需要各种不同的学派,不如说首先需要的恰恰是一种面向新时代的新的学风。

In The Chinese culture after the unification of the Qin Dynasty,schools with real local characteristics often emerged in the Song Dynasty,which was of course closely related to the Song Dynasty’s basic state policy of“Stop military affairs and revitalize culture and education”and“With the scholar-bureaucrat treat the world”.The so-called“Qingli period of the Song Dynasty,the school of unification everywhere”,also indicated that“Taoism”(Neo-Confucianism)contained Lian,Guan,Luo and Min,the formation of different schools.But the formation of the school must depend on a certain regional style.After Zhang Zai,Guan Xue’s pattern of“how little is passed on”is indeed a tragedy for the local school,but from Zhang Zai’s“Harmony between Man and Nature”to Wang Chongyang’s“cultivation of nature and life”,it exactly raises a more fundamental question about which school is more fundamental than the style of study.What’s more,there seems to be too much distance between Confucianism and Taoism.However,if we start from the regional style,we can see the internal consistency of the two and the relationship between their retreat and persistence in basic spirit.Therefore,style of study more than a school of thought seems to have greater stability and transmission advantage.Therefore,the real value of the study of the so-called local school lies not in the persistence of certain ideas,but in the inheritance and development of the fine style of study.So from this perspective,rather than pursuing different kinds of school in the modernization in China,as the first need is a new era of the new style of study.