海洋桡足类作为生物活饵料的研究进展

Research progress on marine copepods as live prey

海洋桡足类作为优质生物活饵料一直受到海水养殖业的关注,但由于大规模高密度培养技术的限制,使其在海水养殖业中的应用难以普及。从以下几个方面综述了海洋桡足类作为生物活饵料的研究进展,以期为桡足类高密度集约化培养提供参考。1)归纳了纺锤水蚤属、拟哲水蚤科、伪镖水蚤属等有大规模培养潜力种类的生物学特性,这些桡足类具有世代周期较短、环境耐受力高和培养密度较大等优点;2)微藻饵料供应和培养温度、盐度、光周期以及种群密度等因素对桡足类产卵、孵化以及幼体发育等都具有一定影响;3)桡足类集约化培养技术的研究是桡足类作为生物活饵料的重要发展方向;4)驯化和选育提高桡足类产卵率、个体大小以及对环境的耐受力,是促进桡足类作为生物活饵料应用的关键环节。

Copepods are the main natural food source for fish larvae.In the early life stage of most fishes,live prey is essential for the survival of fish larvae as the digestive system of fish larvae is functionally immature to process inert diets.As a high-quality live food,copepods have high levels of protein,highly unsaturated fatty acids(HUFA),carotenoids and other essential compounds.Moreover,the large number of copepods species as well as its nauplii offers a great variety of live food sizes for small fish as first feed.High level of DHA in copepods which is inefficient in traditional live food of brine shrimps and rotifers improves the survival,growth and stress resistance of fish larvae.Marine copepods have always been the focus of marine aquaculture,but its application in real aquaculture is not popular due to its low productivity.This paper summarizes some research progress of copepods as live food from the following perspectives and hopes that it could provide insight for future mass culture.1)Several copepod species with live food potential were listed,including:genus Acartia,genus Parvocalanus,and genus Pseudodiaptomus,etc.,they have short generation periods,high environmental tolerance and high culture density;2)Copepod spawning,egg hatching and stage development highly depend on microalgae diet,temperature,salinity,photoperiod,density,etc.;3)Intensive culture techniques of copepods is an important area of copepods as live food in the future,which could improve the efficiency of copepod intensive cultivation and save a lot of labor force;4)The fecundity of some copepods could be improved by domestication and selective breeding,which may be a key step to further increase the yield.In the artificial breeding process,good characteristic can be strengthened through forward selection,and wild populations can be supplemented to avoid the accumulation of bad traits caused by inbreeding.For short-generation copepods,right breeding experiment design will be very helpful for targeted breeding.