我国外来入侵生物防控现状、问题和对策

Challenges in preventing and controlling invasive alien species in China

外来物种入侵已经威胁全球多个国家和地区,严重影响农林牧渔业生产,威胁生态系统稳定,是当前全球生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一,开展入侵物种防控已成为生物多样性保护与农业绿色发展的重点工作。我国已经成为全球遭受生物入侵威胁与损失最为严重的国家之一,截至2018年底,入侵我国的外来物种有近800种,已确认入侵农林生态系统的有638种,全国31个省(区、市)均有外来生物入侵发生并带来危害,半数以上县域都有入侵物种分布,几乎涉及所有类型的生态系统。本文对全球主要发达国家外来入侵物种发生情况及防控进行梳理发现,从国家层面立法开展外来入侵生物防控成为主流,制定长期防控战略并增加投入是入侵物种防控成功的关键。近些年,我国在外来入侵物种防控方面初步建立了工作机制,发布了重点管理外来入侵物种名录,完成了重点入侵物种的调查监测,开展了局部地区的防控措施,积极推动立法工作。根据国外生物入侵防治经验与我国实际情况,本研究提出我国外来入侵物种防控对策建议,包括加强法制建设、开展本底调查和启动重大防控工程等,为我国外来侵入生物的防控提供借鉴。

Species invasion has threatened many countries around the world,seriously affecting agricultural,forestry,husbandry and fishery production,threatening ecosystem stability,and is one of the major reasons for global biodiversity loss.The prevention and control of invasive alien species has become a research hotspot of current biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultural development.China has become one of the countries with the most serious threats from and losses of biological invasions in the world,with nearly 800 species invading by the end of 2018,and 638 species of invasive agroforest ecosystems identified.All 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)have invasive species involving almost all the type of ecosystems and thus causing damage.To promote the prevention and control of invasive alien species national legislations are now mainstream.China government has initially established a working mechanism for the prevention and control of invasive alien species,successfully issued a list of 52 key invasive alien species,organized for species survey every year,setup a national wide network for monitoring of key species,and carried out control measures in some key areas.Based on the experience of foreign countries controlling invasive alien species and the author′s many years of work experience,this paper puts forward some suggestions on the prevention and control measures of invasive species,including strengthening the legal system construction,including the Law of Biosecurity,conducting background general investigations,strengthening long-term monitoring and forecasting,starting major invasion prevention and control projects.It would provide reference for the prevention and control of invasive alien species in China.