小城镇空间意象的构成要素和认知特征初探——以烟台市为例

A Preliminary Study on the Constituent Elements and Cognitive Characteristics of Spatial Image in Small Towns:Case Studies in Yantai City

凯文·林奇开创的城市空间意象分析体系应用广泛,但乡镇层面的空间意象研究尚需拓展。本文采用认知地图的研究方法,以烟台市7个镇为例,采集了105份认知地图,尝试探析小城镇空间意象的构成要素和认知特征。研究表明:(1)小城镇空间的认知构成要素以道路和地标为主,区域、边界、节点不显著,道路、地标的频次差异与路网密度、地标功能相关;(2)城镇居民认知范围在村庄—镇区—镇域内混合,且受到镇区规模等因素的影响;(3)认知类型中“以路径为主导的序列型感知”的比例高,同时低等级认知类型占比更高;(4)居民认知“正向”以南北向为主,与方格路网和主街朝向有关。集体认知的分析显示,开发项目、新区建设等对小城镇居民的空间认知结构产生影响,并归纳得到小城镇空间意象的三种类型:镇村融合型、镇村独立型和飞地开发型。希冀本文对小城镇空间意象的阐释,能为我国的小城镇风貌建设、空间规划和城乡融合发展提供借鉴参考。

The urban cognitive map analysis methodology which Kevin Lynch pioneered has been widely used,but the research on spatial image in small towns still needs to be expanded.The cognitive map research methodology is employed in this study and seven small towns of Yantai City region are selected as the cases.A total of 105 valid cognitive maps were collected,and then the constituent elements and characteristics of the image in small towns would be analyzed.The preliminary research results are as follows:(1)The cognitive components of small towns'image are primarily composed by paths and landmarks,while the other elements,such as districts,edges and nodes,are relatively not significant.The occurrence frequency of paths and landmarks is connected with road network in the township and the function of landmarks.(2)Residents trend towards confusing the township interface,namely'village-township-town mix',which is influenced by the size of townships and so on.(3)Among the cognitive types,the proportion of sequential maps and low-level cognitive types is higher.(4)The comprehensive cognitive orientation of residents in small towns is mainly in the north-south direction,which is related to road network and main streets'orientation.The analysis of collective cognition shows that large-scale development projects like real estate development have impacts on the perception of residents in small towns.Three types of collective images of small towns are summarized:town-village integration,town-village independent,and enclave development type.It is hoped that the interpretation of spatial image in small towns in this article can provide a reference for the construction,planning and urban-rural integration of small towns in China.