职业教育国家制度建构的路径依赖与关键节点——兼论“职教20条”的制度意义

The Path Dependence and Critical Junctures of the Construction of China’s National Institution of Vocational Education

基于历史制度主义视角考察职业教育国家制度的建构过程,可以看出职教发展一直是国家制度创新和地方制度创新互动的产物。在一段时期内,职业教育国家制度建构都存在着"地方创新—国家吸纳"的路径依赖,导致制度建构存在站位不高、更替缓慢、局限内部、相对零散等问题。《国家职业教育改革实施方案》的颁布,打破了职业教育国家制度自下而上的建构模式,转变为以国家为制度主体的新模式,可以看作职业教育制度建构的"国家回归",突出了国家主体责任,体现了国家制度创新,加大了职业教育的制度供给,提高了国家制度能力和国际制度主导能力,协调了教育与社会、国家与地方的制度创新步伐,对职业教育国家制度的建构具有深远意义。

From the perspective of historical institutionalism,the construction process of national institutions for vocational education in China is introduced in this paper.It can be seen that vocational education is promoted by the institutional innovation interaction between the central governments and local governments.Recently,the construction of national institution of vocational education in China depends on the path of local innovation and national adoption,leading to a series of problems including low positioning,slow evolution,confined educational system and the fragmentation.Since the release of"the Action Plan for Vocational Education Reform of China"(commonly known as"the Twenty Guidelines for Vocational Education Reform"),the construction of the national vocational education institution has been transferred from a bottom-up model to a up-bottom one that can be seen that nation returns to the leading position in terms of vocational education.The new model demonstrates the state’s role as a leading undertaker in constructing the national vocational education institution,embodies national institutional innovation,increases institutional supply to vocational education,and enhances the national institution capability as well as its capability in leading international institution in education.It also makes the institutional innovation simultaneous between education and society,central governments and local governments which is of profound significance to the construction of the vocational education institution in China.