劳动力转移的困境和挑战——基于对凉山彝族外出务工人员困境的思考

The Dilemmas and Challenges of the Transfer of Labor—Some Thoughts based on the Dilemma of Liangshan Yi Migrant Workers

目前,在凉山彝区,外出务工是劳动力转移的主要方式,许多家庭通过外出务工脱贫致富。在当地无力承担和消化剩余劳动力的情况下,外出务工的现象将长期存在,正确认识彝区劳动力转移的合理性非常必要。为此笔者对四川凉山的冕宁、盐源等地彝区外出务工人员较多的村寨通过田野调查方式,了解当地劳动力转移的历史和现状,掌握存在的问题并分析其原因,提出解决思路和具体措施。应该建立劳动力转移的社会支持系统,继续不懈地积极推进劳动力转移工作。继续加大各级职业技术教育,增强劳动力转移的市场竞争力。加强法制教育,促进用人机构和彝族群众增强法制意识,依法促进彝族务工者的城市融入。进一步强化乡镇劳务开发工作体系建设,加强跨区域合作,倡导有序输出,规范对劳务经纪人的管理,强化劳务培训质量,提高彝族务工人员素质,保护彝族务工人员的合法益。

Since the period of“Reform and Opening Up”,and with the acceleration of the process of urbanization,the tide of economic development has been pounding the shores of the remote areas where the Yi ethnic group live in Sichuan,and,as a result,many of them have joined the waves of migrant workers.In recent years,the number of migrant workers from the Yi Areas has increased annually.This labor force transfer is characterized by diversified industries,regional expansion,and complex personnel structure.It is,moreover,faced with many problems such as legal security,urban management,and institutional norms,which have a far-reaching impact on the construction of harmonious urban ethnic relations.Through conducting fieldwork in Liangshan Yi villages which have a relatively large number of migrant workers,and targeting the investigation on the migrant workers situation,and the history and status quo of the local labor transfer,this article tries to understand the existing problems of labor transfer and analyze its causes.It then puts forward some specific measures to solve these problems.In terms of the structure of industry in Liangshan,the proportion of industry is not large;only a few small-scale industries and enterprises exist there.The amount of surplus rural labor cannot be digested locally,so,many people choose to go out for work.Generally,there are two main ways to become a migrant worker in Liangshan Yi area:first,under the guidance of the government,there is planned labor export to the outside world;second,the local surplus rural labor goes out to seek work by themselves.In view of the situation of abundant labor resources in Liangshan,and in order to realize the labor transfer in a reasonable and orderly way,the Liangshan Prefectural Committee of the CPC and the Prefectural Government,since 2010,made a decision to implement the“Double Hundred”labor development project.All areas and relevant departments in the prefecture have taken the transfer of rural labor as an important measure to increase farmers income,and it has achieved some results in the past years.The specific ways to do this is:1)to strengthen the organizational leadership so that the joint force of labor development is enhanced;2)to focus on the industrialization of labor export,and further improve the level of marketization;3)to carry out skills training to improve the overall quality of migrant workers;and 4)to enhance the legal awareness of migrant workers,protect their rights in a lawful manner,and ensure their rights and interests.The investigation shows that the main reason for Liangshan Yi people to go out for work is that Liangshan is located in a poor area contiguous with the Wumeng Mountain area.The disadvantages of the natural environment,transportation and location are not conducive to the development of agriculture and industry.Moreover,the population base is large,and the foundation of local employment is poor.Since the period of Reform and Opening Up,the surplus labor force in Liangshan Yi region has been increasing yearly.In the 1980s,the surplus labor was mainly absorbed by local township enterprises.After the 1990s,however,the township enterprises went bankrupt one after another,and a large number of the surplus labor force transferred to cities.Those who moved to the cities found that migrant workers earned far more than those who farmed at home.However,they also faced many dilemmas.For example,there was a lot of pressure in obtaining employment,and the numbers of the unemployed began to increase;and they had to face a difficult life with poor living conditions.According to the survey,there are five main reasons for their dilemmas:1)a low level of education,lack of professional skills and poor employability;2)the difficulty of integrating into city life due to cultural differences;3)their weakness in legal awareness;and 4)an imperfect labor broker team without standard behavior.In essence,the transfer of the Liangshan Yi labor force includes two theoretical problems.The first is how much of the social and economic development of Liangshan can absorb the local labor force,and whether the labor force can be transformed locally in order to meet the needs of local poverty alleviation.The second is what problems should be solved in order to enable the Liangshan Yi to integrate better into the cities and to be more competitive in the labor market?Considering the above two problems comprehensively,this article puts forward three main ideas for the labor transfer of the Liangshan Yi as follows:1)establish a social support system for labor transfer,and continue to promote labor transfer;2)continue to increase vocational and technical education at all levels in order to make this labor force transfer more competitive in the market;and 3)strengthen legal education,encourage employment institutions and the Yi people to enhance their awareness of the legal system,and promote the integration of Yi workers in cities in accordance with the law.In terms of countermeasures,this article points out that we should correctly understand the role of Yi migrant workers in promoting economic development;organically combine the management of places for both the labor export and import;address both the symptoms and the root causes,and fundamentally solve their problems.We could start from the following aspects:1)strengthen the construction of the township labor development system;2)strengthen trans-regional cooperation;3)advocate the orderly export of labor and standardize the management of labor brokers;4)strengthen the training of quality labor,and improve the quality of the Yi workers;5)protect the legitimate rights and interests of Yi migrant workers;and 6)strengthen education in ethnic unity and promote ethnic exchanges,communication and integration.