论行政处罚风险规制功能的补强

Reinforcement of the Function of Risk Regulation in Administrative Penalties

风险社会呼唤行政机关必须进行风险规制。作为行政管理末端环节,行政处罚的功能定位是惩罚与威慑,不能完全满足风险规制和风险预防的需要。在风险社会中,技术风险的不确定性和主观性时刻挑战行政处罚的法定原则和行政裁量权两大基石。为回应上述挑战,应通过程序主义的进路处理行政处罚中科学与民主的矛盾;增设风险预防原则以作为处罚法定原则的补充,解决行政机关风险预防合法性的问题;重塑应受行政处罚行为的构成要件,厘清违反行政法义务与空白要件、主观过错与集体性治理之间的关系;探索行政处罚法律评价机制前移的可能性,从根本上遏制风险的发生。

The risk society calls on the administrative organs to carry out risk regulation,but the definition of administrative punishment as punishment and deterrence cannot fully meet the needs of risk regulation and risk prevention.The uncertainty and subjectivity of technical risks in a risk society challenge the legal principle of administrative penalty and the administrative discretion.In answer to the challenges,the contradiction between science and democracy in administrative penalties should be dealt with through procedural approach,by addins risk prevention as a supplement to the legal principles of punishment to legalize risk prevention of administrative organs,redefining the constituent elements of behaviors subject to administrative penalties,clarifying the relationship between the violation of administrative law obligations and the blank elements,subjective fault and collective governance,and by exploring the possibility of advancing the legal evaluation of administrative punishment so as to curb the occurrence of risks.