1Tuan Y F. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values[M]. Englewood Cliffs,N J: Prentice-Hall, 1974:1 -89.
2Relph E. Place and Placelessness [ M ]. London: Pion Limited, 1976.
3Williams D R. Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place [ J ]. Leisure Sci- ences,1992, (14) :29 -46.
4Hammitt W E. Wildland Recreation:Ecology and Management [ M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1998.
5Bricker K S. An interpretation of special place meanings whitewater recreationigts attach to the South Fork of the American River [ J ]. Tourism Geographies, 2002,4 ( 4 ) : 396 - 425.
6Jorgensen B S. A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of Place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identifi-cation with lakeshore properties [ J ]. Journal of Environmental Management ,2006,79(3 ) :316 - 327.
