德国行政诉讼证据调查与客观证明责任的分配规则——兼评对我国的借鉴价值

Evidence Investigation and the Distribution Rules of Objective Burden of Proof in German Administrative Litigation:Concurrently Commet on Its Reference Value to China

德国行政诉讼证明责任制度受职权调查原则的限制,以客观证明责任为核心。德国《行政法院法》第86条规定了职权调查原则,由法院依职权调查作为裁判基础的事实。在行政诉讼中当事人不承担主观证明责任(提供证据责任),但仍然负有协力义务。德国行政诉讼客观证明责任分配借鉴了民事诉讼的学说与规则,以规范说作为基本规则,同时以支配领域说、原则例外公式、攻击者原则、法律上的推定等作为辅助规则。根据规范说,证明责任实质上属于法律适用问题,应当在实体法规范中寻找客观证明责任的分配标准。德国行政诉讼制度中在当事人与法院之间配置获取证据的方式,以及在当事人之间分配客观证明责任的规则对我国具有一定的借鉴意义。

The burden of proof system of German administrative litigation is restricted by the principle of investigation in accordance with authority and takes objective burden of proof as its core.Article 86 of the German"Administrative Court Act"stipulates the principle of investigation in accordance with authority and that the court shall investigate the facts as the basis of the judgment.In the litigation there is no subjective burden of proof,and the parties still have the obligation to cooperate.In Germany,the"Normative Theory"is used as the basic principle for the distribution of objective burden of proof.At the same time,the"Dominant Domain Theory,""Principle-Exception Formula,"and"Attacker Principle"are used as auxiliary rules.According to the"Normative Theory,"the burden of proof is essentially an issue of the application of law,and the distribution standard of the objective burden of proof should be obtained form substantive law norms.Germany's method of allocation of obtaining evidence between the parties and the court and its rules of distributing distribution of objective burden of proof between the parties have reference significance for China.