新冠疫情下妨害传染病防治罪司法适用问题探析

The Discussion on Several Issues of Judicial Application of Crimes of Impairing the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

妨害传染病防治罪一直以来未受到足够关注。作为处理当下涉疫情刑事案件专门性文件的《意见》的出台明确了本罪在具体适用上的一些问题。在妨害传染病防治罪适用过程中,其与以危险方法危害公共安全类犯罪存在法条竞合或法条逻辑上的交叉关系,模糊了罪名的界限。同时,“传染病”的范围限定与罪状描述的不完整性使得作为法定犯的本罪与前置法衔接不畅。应该在厘清具体罪名构成要件和罪过类型的基础上,依法适用妨害传染病防治罪,同时对以危险方法危害公共安全罪的认定从严把握;并通过对“甲类传染病”作实质解释、发挥行政前置手段作用等解决当下本罪在适用过程中的一些法律“困惑”。

The crime of impairing the prevention and control of infectious diseases has not received enough attention.As a special document dealing with the current epidemic related criminal cases,the introduction of The Opinion has made clear some problems in the specific application of this crime.There is a competition or logical cross relation between the crime and the crime of endangering public security by dangerous means which blurs the boundary of the crime in the application of the crime impairing the prevention and control of infectious diseases.At the same time,the limitation of the scope of“infectious disease”and the incompleteness of the description of the crime make the connection between this crime and the preceding law not smooth.On the basis of clarifying the constitutive elements and the types of crimes,the crime of obstructing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases should be applied in accordance with the law,and the determination of the crime of endangering public security by dangerous means should be strictly grasped.The crime of impairing the prevention and control of infectious diseases should be applied in accordance with law and the crime of endangering public security by dangerous means should be determined strictly.In addition,try to solve some legal“confusion”in the application of this crime by giving substantive explanation to“class A infectious disease”and giving full play to the role of administrative measures.