人“如何”生活在一起:历史发展的逻辑

“How” People Live Together: The Logic of Historical Development

人的群居性存在和社会性本质决定了人们必须“生活在一起”。历史地看,人类结合的方式不同,人的发展状态也不同。前现代社会,人类发展处于自然依附关系阶段,没有个人主体,只有群体的存在,人与人之间是一种共同生活,维系共同生活的是普遍的伦理。近代和现代社会,市场经济使人从依附关系中解放出来,确立了人的独立性,个人成为一种单子式存在,过着一种孤立的个人生活,道德成为个体的自由选择,维系个体间生活的是契约和法治。当代社会,个人主体性不断张扬和膨胀,导致了个人主体性危机。反思个人主体性,个体打破自我封闭,走向主体间性,人与人之间在平等交往中建构公共生活,寻求道德共识。总之,人类社会发展的三个阶段反映了共同体与个体之间的张力,当代社会发展正在从“我”走向“我们”,谋求个体性与公共性的统一。

As a kind of social existence and social nature,human beings must live together.Historically,humans have different ways of combining,and the conditions of human development are also different.In the pre-modern society,human development is in the stage of natural dependence relationship,during which there is no individual subject,only the existence of groups,and people live together;it is the universal ethic that maintains the common life.In modern society,market economy liberates people from dependence,establishes the independence of people,makes the individual a kind of single existence,leads an isolated personal life,and makes morality a free choice of individuals;what sustains the life between individuals are contracts and the rule of law.In contemporary society,the individual subjectivity is constantly expanding,which leads to the crisis of individual subjectivity.Reflecting on the individual subjectivity,the individual breaks the self-closure and moves towards inter subjectivity,and people construct public life and seek moral consensus in equal communication.In short,the three stages of the development of human society reflect the tension between the community and the individual,and the contemporary social development is moving from“I”to“we”,seeking the unity of individuality and publicity.