人权需要统一根基吗——《世界人权宣言》起草过程中的宗教和哲学论争

Do Human Rights Need a Unified Foundation?——Religious and Philosophical Controversy during the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

《世界人权宣言》起草正值自然法复兴的重要时刻,作为新自然法学派的一大分支新托马斯主义法学,曾参与到《宣言》起草过程中的哲学讨论。而作为托马斯主义法学主要依归的天主教会,也对《宣言》起草施加了自己的影响。但是最终除了"理性"概念之外,"上帝""造物主""自然"等自然法的标志性词汇并未出现在《宣言》文本中。而"良心"作为儒家"仁"的替代词则被写入了《宣言》。从宗教和哲学论争的过程中,可以看到,起草者们在《宣言》中融入自己的哲学、宗教观念并非是希望为人权定立统一的或者一个杂糅的理论基础,毋宁是为了通过思想争搏最大程度地寻求和延展国际人权理念中的价值公约数。

The drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is at an important moment for the renaissance of natural law. As a branch of the new school of natural law, neo-Thomism jurisprudence has participated in the philosophical discussions during the drafting of the Declaration. The Catholic Church, which is the main basis of Thomism jurisprudence, also exerted its own influence on the drafting of the Declaration. But in the end, in addition to the concept of "reason", the iconic words of natural law such as "God", "Creator" and "nature" did not appear in the text of the Declaration. And "conscience" as an alternative to Confucian "Ren" was written into the text. From the process of controversy about religion and philosophy, we can see that the drafters’ integration of their own philosophy and religious concepts in the Declaration did not hope to establish a unified or a mixed theoretical basis for human rights, but rather to seek and expand the common values in the international human rights concept to the greatest extent through ideological struggle.