论清代的先占制度——以“盗田野谷麦”律为中心

On the Legal System of Preemptive Occupation in Qing Dynasty——Centering on Article Stealing Grain and Wheat in the Field of the Penal Code

清律"盗田野谷麦"条在继承唐律基础上确立了无主物先占制度,但有显著变化。先占仍以"加功力"为根本要件。清律取消了唐宋律"占山泽陂湖利"条,一定程度上改变了中国山川薮泽之利"与众共之"的传统。清代虽在水利使用等方面并不排除众利共享,但更注重垄断和管控资源,并已体现先占制近代转型之趋势。国家为集权需要不得不调整传统角色和功能,更主动地干预经济生活,与民争利,并防止资源枯竭,同时采取更多治安预防和社会控制措施。遗失物、埋藏物等法律拟制无主物立法更加务实简约,体现经济发展和所有权关系演进所带来的积极变化。清代先占制度于传统社会独特语境中得到发展,或可为现代民事立法提供镜鉴。

On the basis of inheriting Tang Code, Article Stealing grain and wheat in the field of the Penal Code of Qing dynasty established the system of preemptive possession of ownerless things, but there were significant changes. Preoccupation is still based on applying labor as the fundamental element. The Penal Code of Qing dynasty abolished Article occupying the natural resources of mountain and lake in the laws of the Tang and Song dynasties and to a certain extent, it changed the tradition of sharing the benefit with others of mountains and rivers. Although the Qing dynasty did not exclude the sharing of public interests in the use of water resources, it paid more attention to monopoly and control of resources, and embodied the trend of modern transformation of preemption. In order to centralize power, the state had to adjust its traditional role and function, intervene in economic life more actively, compete with the people for profits, prevent the exhaustion of resources, and take more measures of public security prevention and social control. The legislation of the lost property, buried property and other legal fiction of ownerless property was more pragmatic and concise, reflecting the positive changes brought about by economic development and the evolution of ownership relations. The system of preemption developed in the unique context of tradition society, which may provide a mirror for modern civil legislation.