含油污泥处理技术进展

PROGRESS IN OILY SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

石油工业生产的特征固体废物——含油污泥,是一种由石油烃、水、固体颗粒物和其他物质(如重金属)组成的固态/半固态复合物,因毒性和易燃性被归入危险废物管理。我国含油污泥年产量高达500万t,其中含有15%~50%的石油烃。含油污泥的处理要兼顾无害化和资源化。基于其组成、性质和危害,介绍了含油污泥的油品资源化分离法(离心、溶剂萃取、热解)和无害化剩余含油残渣处理法(焚烧、固化、生物处理)等国内外常用的处理方法。大体上,含油污泥的处理思路为,首先预处理降低含水率、提高含油率,再经油品分离法回收含油污泥中的石油烃,最后无害化处理剩余含油残渣。讨论了各方法的特点以及国内外研究进展,提出了含油污泥处理技术的发展建议。

Oily sludge,the featured important solid waste in the petroleum industry,is a(semi-)solid composite composed of petroleum hydrocarbons,water,particulate matters and other harmful substances(such as heavy metals),classified as hazardous waste due to the toxicity and ignitability.The annual output of oily sludge in China is up to 5 million tons,including 15%~50%of petroleum hydrocarbons.If oily sludge is treated improperly,it will not only pose a huge threat to the ecosystem,but also cause waste of non-renewable resources.Therefore,the disposal of oily sludge should balance harmless treatment and resource utilization.Based on the composition,characteristics and hazards of oily sludge,this work introduced the separation technologies of oil resources(centrifugation,solvent extraction,pyrolysis)and residual oily residue harmless treatment methods(incineration,solidification stabilization,biological treatment).In general,the integrated treatment technology routine of oily sludge is:1)reduce the moisture content and increase the oil concentration by pretreatment;2)recover the petroleum hydrocarbons in the oily sludge by oil separation methods;3)treat the oil-bearing residue harmlessly finally.Meanwhile,the characteristics of each method and the research progress were discussed,and suggestions for the development of oily sludge treatment technology were aproposed.