民商合一体制之困境思考

Thinking about the Systematic Predicament of Integrating Civil and Commercial Activities

从民商关系的发展进路来看,民商合一并不是民商分立进化的必然结果,而是民商分立的一种变异形态。民法商法化作为民商合一的主要实现方式,其实质是以牺牲民法的人本主义精神为代价满足经济发展的要求,不仅不利于充分发挥商法的独特作用,而且由于其事实上泯灭了民法的权利法属性,因而也不利于民法自身的发展。研究表明,一国经济的发展水平与其对商法的重视程度呈现出明显的正相关关系,实行绝对民商合一的国家由于无法有效利用商法的特殊构造服务于市场交易活动,因此无法真正充分发挥法律对经济的促进作用,倒是重视商法制度建设的国家在为社会提供市场交易规则和引领世界经济的发展。我国在后民法典时代所应实行的民商合一不应以抹杀民商区别为标志的绝对民商合一或民商混同,而应以承认商法独立性为基础的相对民商合一或有限民商合一,其基本建构思路应该是:"以民为宗,以商为本,分合有度,协调配合",即在有效界分民商法不同作用方式和作用领域的条件下,以民法典作为整个私法理念和原则的供给基础,以商法作为市场经济的基本调整手段,通过对商事基本法和商事单行法的提炼和完善,实现对市场经济关系的精准调整。

The development of the civil and commercial relationship as well as the independent development of civil and commercial codes do not lead to the combination of the civil and commercial codes.Rather,the combination is a distortion of the separate development of the two.The combination is realized through the commercialization of the civil code.However,requirements of economic developments are compromising the humanism principle of the civil code,and the commercialization of the civil code not only impedes the functioning of the commercial code but also dissipates the rights and obligations set by the civil code.Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that the economic development of a country is closely related to its attention paid to the commercial code.Countries which carry out an absolute combination of the civil and commercial codes cannot effectively utilize the unique structuring of the commercial code to serve transactions in market,and consequently fail to promote economic development through legal means.In contrast,countries which carry out the separation of the civil and commercial codes or limited combination of the two set rules for the transactions in market and lead the global economic development.With the establishment of the civil code in China,the combination of the civil and commercial codes in China should not be an absolute combination or confusion of the two that obliterates their distinctive features.What to be promoted should be a relative or limited combination of the two that admits the unique features of the commercial code.The relative or limited combination of the civil and commercial codes relies on‘setting the civil code as the prerequisite and the commercial code as the foundation,the reasonable separation and combination of the two,and coordination of the two’.It more specifically refers to an effective distinction between the civil and commercial codes in terms of their different means and scopes of functioning.The civil code should be the prerequisite for it provides the concepts and principles of private laws to the relative combination of the civil and commercial codes.The commercial code should be the foundation for the regulation of market economy.Moreover,it is suggested that the basic laws and specific laws for commercial issues should be developed so as to provide precise adjustment of the economic relationships in market.