清朝政区边界复原与清史地理再现——《清史地图集》的编绘实践

Textual Research on Regional Administrative Boundaries and Geographical Reproduction during Qing Dynasty:The Compilation Practice of the Major Project“The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty”

历史地图的研究与编绘是历史地理学成就最大的领域。历时近十年完成的《清史地图集》,是这一学术传统得以继承和发展的最新成果。三个图组七十二幅清史地图都有学术创新点,全部上图地物均经过严密考证,图上任何点、线、面均有文献或舆图史料为证,并且始终贯彻"孤证不立"原则。完整的考证内容呈现在上千万字的《编稿表》里,《编稿表》分"正编"与"辅编",前者收录具有清史意义的地物,后者为绘制政区界线的依据。项目组从"正编"选择近四万个地物上图,据"辅编"绘制宣统三年基本覆盖全国的县级政区界线,从而把政区界线的研究精度从府级提升到县级。《清史地图集》作为中国第一部断代历史地图集,它的出版有助于认识清代疆域盈缩、政区设置的全过程和地理面貌的变迁,具有较高学术价值和重要的现实意义。

Historical maps are the greatest accomplishments of research in historical geography.The project team completed The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty in the past ten years,and the newest achievement will inherit and develop this academic tradition.All seventy-two maps in three groups have technological innovations.All the features on the maps have been rigorously examined,and all the points,lines and surfaces have been verified by using data from more than one document or antique map.The complete textual research content is presented in Biangaobiao(编稿表)which is divided into Zhengbian(正编)and Fubian(辅编).The former includes significant features in the history of Qing Dynasty,and the latter serves as the basis for drawing the boundaries of administrative regions.The project team selected more than 40000 figures from Zhengbian(正编)and drew the county-level administrative boundaries covering the whole country in 1911 according to Fubian(辅编),thus improving the research accuracy of the administrative boundaries from the prefecture(府)level to the county level.The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty is the first dynastic atlas of China,which is helpful for us to understand the process of the expansion or reduction of the territory,the establishment of administrative regions and the changes in the geographical features of Qing Dynasty.It has significant academic value,strong practical significance.