从演武场到贸易场:清代重庆较场坝的商业化与绿营的军力衰退

From Training Field to Commercial Market:Commercialization of the Chongqing Military Grounds and the Decline of the Green Standard Army in the Qing Dynasty

重庆较场坝是清代重庆镇标三营的训练场。由于绿营的制度性经济困境,在重庆城市商业空间扩张的进程中,较场坝从演武之所逐渐转变为贸易市场。康雍之际,普通民众和迫于生计的绿营官兵开始侵占较场官地修建住房和商铺。鉴于较场占地对军事训练的不利影响,雍正初年重庆镇总兵开展清退较场占地的行动。嘉庆十二年,重庆镇总兵为筹画归还官兵长支银两及补贴兵丁购买月米将较场坝出租,较场坝彻底沦为三教九流混杂的贸易市场。在较场坝从演武场转变为贸易场的过程中,重庆镇标三营官兵丧失了基本的军事训练场地,对其战斗力衰退造成不可逆转的影响。

The Chongqing Military Grounds was where three troops directly under the Chongqing Military Command trained in the Qing Dynasty.In consequence of the institutional economic predicament of Green Standard Army,the location gradually changed from a military training ground to a market during the expansion of urban commercial space in Chongqing.Between the later years of the Kangxi reign and the early years of the Yongzheng reign,the common people and the officers and soldiers of Green Standard Army who were forced to do something to make a living began to encroach upon the government’s land of and build houses and shops on it.In view of the adverse effect of the occupation of the land on military training,the principal of Chongqing Military Command took the action of cleaning up the occupied land.In the twelfth year of the Jiaqing reign(1807),the principal of Chongqing Military Command rented out the space to repay the debts owed to officers and soldiers and subsidize the soldiers’monthly rice consumption.Since then,the area was completely reduced to a commercial market that was occupied by people in various trades.The officers and soldiers of the three troops directly under Chongqing Military Command lost their basic military training ground during the transformation from a military training field to a trade market,and this had an irreversible impact on the decline of their combat effectiveness.