武儒茶三道一味——隐于日本武家茶道的思想史意蕴

A Study on the Unity of the Ideas of Samurai,Confucianism,and Sadou in Buke Sadou

日本江户时代德川幕府在普及儒学的同时,制定了士农工商的身份制度。武士作为统治者,为了提高道德修养,不仅积极吸收朱子学思想,还收集了大量的茶书。在此背景下,武士茶人古田织部改良了茶碗、茶室,突破了“侘茶”中“持戒”思想的束缚,开辟了适应武士雄健之气的自由、明亮风格;小堀远州在茶道中糅合了儒学伦理道德;片桐石州则明确地提出了“分相应之茶”,他的理论来源与山鹿素行的士道论相似,都来自于儒学的人伦道德。于是,武家茶道通过引入儒学人伦思想重新构建了日本茶道的精神内核,形成了武儒茶三道一味的思想意蕴。

While Confucianism was widely spreading in the Edo Period,a status system in which soldiers,peasants,artisans,and businessmen constitute the four classes of the whole Japanese society was established.As members of the ruling class,in order to cultivate their morality,some Samurais began to learn the Confucius ideas and at the same time collect large numbers of books on tea.Among those Samurais,Oribe Furuta improved the design of tea bowl and the tea room,which broke the traditional hindrance of Wabicha and Jikai and developed a free and bright style that matched well with the vigor of Samurai.As two other Samurais of the above trend,Enshu Kobori combined the Confucius ethic teachings with the spirit of Sadou,and Sekishu Katagiri put forward the exact idea of Bunsouounocha on the theoretical basis of the Confucius ethics which also provides the theoretical source for Soko Yamaga’s idea of Shidouron.Thus,the school of Samurai Sadou reconstructed the spiritual core of the Japanese Sadou by introducing into it the Confucius ethics,which brought about the unity of the ideas of Samurai,Confucianism,and Sadou.