不同灌水量对贺兰山东麓葡萄生长和品质的影响

Effects of Different Irrigation Amount on Grape Growth and Quality in the Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain

【目的】明确贺兰山东麓灌淤潮土类型土壤的葡萄种植灌水方案。【方法】以18 a生"赤霞珠"为试材,研究了4种灌水量(5247.38 m^3/hm^2(CK)、4497.75 m^3/hm^2(T1)、3748.13 m^3/hm^2(T2)、2998.50 m^3/hm^2(T3))对"赤霞珠"新梢生长、结果母枝不同节位叶片的净光合速率、转色期叶水势日变化和果实品质的影响。【结果】减少灌水量显著降低了新梢生长量,树体上部和中部新梢生长受影响的程度显著高于树体下部;随着灌水量的减少,随枝条节位的增高,叶片净光合速率表现出先升高后降低的趋势,在果实发育的4个关键期,T2处理净光合速率最高值比CK依次降低了11.07%、15.01%、9.58%和17.15%,而T3处理的成熟期净光合速率最高值比CK降低了30.23%,减少灌水量显著降低了叶水势;对于果实品质,在果实膨大期控水对果实单粒质量影响最大,成熟期的T3处理的单粒质量比CK降低了14.69%,控水显著增加了果实可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖量,T3处理的可溶性固形物极显著高于其他处理,较CK提高了4.92%,花后107 d时,T1、T2处理和T3处理的可溶性总糖比CK分别增加了4.71%、3.52%和5.02%,成熟采收时T2处理的总酚量和单宁量分别比CK提高了8.56%和5.39%,而T1、T2、T3处理的可滴定酸量分别比CK降低了10.13%、15.00%、15.00%,适度减少灌水量促进了果实中总酚和单宁量的积累,显著降低了可滴定酸量,有利于果实品质的提高。【结论】综合果实产量和品质,贺兰山东麓芦花台地区"赤霞珠"葡萄推荐灌水方案为T2处理,即生育期灌水量为3748.13 m^3/hm^2。

【Background】The eastern foot of Helan mountain is a massive area stretching from the alluvial fan of the Helan mountain to the alluvial plain of the Yellow river.In this region,most soil has a sandy texture and the average annual rainfall is less than 1/10 of the average annual evaporation,water scarcity in which is the abiotic factor limiting the growth and fruit quality of wine grapes.Regulated deficit irrigation has been developed as a water-saving method widely used in orchards over the past few years,due to its improved water use efficiency;it also affects synthesis of compounds in the plant by regulating flow of photosynthetic products,thereby altering fruit quality.【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to seek an optimal irrigation schedule for grapes grown in alluvial soil in the eastern foot of the Helan Mountain by taking the variety of“Cabernet Sauvignon”as the model plant.【Method】We used 18-year old plants and compared four irrigation treatments:4497.75 m^3/hm^2(T1),3748.13 m^3/hm^2(T2)and 2998.50 m^3/hm^2(T3).Sufficient irrigation at 5247.38 m^3/hm^2 was taken as the control(CK).In reach treatment,we measured shoot growth,photosynthetic characteristics,diurnal variation of leaf water potential,and fruit quality index at the shooting stage;the optimal irrigation was obtained from comprehensive evaluation.【Result】Reducing irrigation amount impeded growth of new shoots significantly,especially new shoots in the upper and middle parts of the trees.With the amount of irrigation decreasing,the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves decreased at different rates.With increase in the nodes of branches,the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves increased first followed by a decline.When the fruits were maturing,the nodes of the leaves with the highest net photosynthetic rate increased steadily.As the amount of irrigation decreased,the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves increased with tree height first before falling down,In the four critical stages in the fruit development,the maximum net photosynthetic rate in the T2 was reduced by 11.07%,15.01%,9.58%,and 17.15%respectively,while the maximum net photosynthetic rate in the T3 was reduced by 30.23%,compared to the CK.Reducing the amount of irrigation significantly reduced the leaf water potential and inhibited the expansion of the fruit,thereby affecting fruit quality.Reducing irrigation during the fruit expansion stage had the greatest impact on weight per fruit,with the weight per fruit in T3 down 14.69%compared to that in the CK.In contrast,reducing water application significantly increased the soluble solids and total soluble sugar of the fruits,with the soluble solids in T3 up 4.92%over the CK.The total soluble sugar measured 107 days after flowering in T1,T2 and T3 increased by 4.71%,3.52%and 5.02%,respectively,compared to that in the CK.At harvest,the total phenol and tannin content in T2 increased by 8.56%and 5.39%respectively,while those in T1,T2,and T3 reduced by 10.13%,15.00%,and 15.00%,respectively,compared to the UK.Reducing the amount of irrigation promoted the accumulation of total phenol and tannin in the fruits,and significantly reduced the titratable acid content.【Conclusion】Irrigating 3748.13 m^3/hm^2,scheduled 749.63 m^3/hm^2 at germination stage,299.85 m^3/hm^2 at branching stage,449.78 m^3/hm^2 at flowering stage,899.55 m^3/hm^2 at fruit expansion stage(irrigating twice),149.93 m^3/hm^2 during color change period,and 1199.40 m^3/hm^2 in winter,was optimal.