二里头都邑聚落形态新识

New Insights into Settlement Patterns of the Capital City at Erlitou

位于洛阳盆地的二里头遗址发现并发掘已61年,发掘总面积超过4万平方米,积累了丰富的资料[1]。遗址包含有仰韶文化晚期、龙山文化早期、二里头文化、二里岗文化和东汉等不同时代聚落,其中二里头文化聚落遗存种类和数量最丰富,规格也最高,是目前可确认的东亚地区最早的青铜时代都邑。根据对1959~2006年发掘资料的研究,发掘者和研究者曾详细论述过其聚落形态及其历时性变化[2]。2010年以来,对中心区进行了多次系统钻探和发掘,取得了一些新的重要收获[3],对二里头都邑的聚落内涵、布局及其历时性变化有了一些新的认识。

By examining the structural components,settlement plan,and developmental trajectory of the capital city site at Erlitou,it is possible to explore the emergence of the state,kingship,and accompanying characteristics.The capital city is composed of roads recently discovered in the central area,walls,huge sacrifi cial pits,and palatial buildings with multiple courtyards as indicated by the No.5 building foundation.As to the developmental trajectory of the settlement pattern,all principal components of a capital city appeared in the second phase of the Erlitou culture.A layout based on intersecting road networks also formed,thus laying a foundation for the plan of capital cities in later periods.The open urban system formed during the Erlitou period changed to a closed system during later periods.Developmentally,the Erlitou settlement went through an initial phase during which it fl ourished as a capital city,then a period when principal components of the capital city gradually deteriorated.The city fi nally became a high-ranking settlement during the early Erligang period.There is a correspondence between the diachronic changes in pottery typology and the development of the settlement pattern.Kin-based residential-burial areas defi ne the spatial division of the capital city at Erlitou.The mode of craft production is characterized by large-scale workshop production along with small-scale production loci.