西夏政区划分及其相关问题

The Division of Administrative Districts in Xixia and the Related Issues

西夏政区划分既保留党项民族特点,又广泛吸收中原汉族制度。在宋夏沿边和河西走廊半农半牧区,既置州郡,又设监军司,二者在区划上相互重叠,在职责上军民融合;在荒漠半荒漠牧区没有州郡县乡区划,由监军司直接管理宗族部落。西夏的城有四种类型,有的是州府的驻地,即所谓的大城;有的是堡寨号为州,实际是城的建制;有的是地位衰落的州;有的是地位重要的堡寨。西夏沿边堡寨分大小两种,筑城建池、重兵戍守的大寨有时也称作城,如白豹城又作白豹寨,金汤城又作金汤寨。小堡寨大多是夯筑的土围子,具有规模小、数量多的特点,沿边个体族帐"各有堡子守隘"。西夏转运司"路"不是一级政区,经略司"路"远比转运司"路"管辖的范围要大,和宋朝不尽相同。

The division of Xixia administrative districts is not only preserved the characteristics of the Tangut ethnic group,but also widely absorbs the system of the Han ethnic group.In the semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas along the Hexi corridor and the border between Song and Xixia,there are not only states and counties,but also divisions of military supervision.The two overlap in terms of division,and their military and civilian functions are integrated.There are no states,counties or townships in the pastoral areas of desert and semi-desert,hence clans and tribes are directly managed by the department of military supervision.There are four types of cities in Xixia,some of which are the settlements of states,the so-called great cities.Some are the castles named states,which actually are cities.Some are states in decline.Some are important castles.There are two kinds of castles along the Xixia border,and the big ones which have city walls,moats and armed forces sometimes are called cities,such as castles of Baibao city and Jintang city.The small ones are mostly rammed earth enclosures with the characteristics of small scale and large number,and the individual tents along the border"each has its own castle for defence".Xixia Transporting Department"Lu"is not division of first class,and the administrative range of Jinglve Si"Lu"is wider than Transporting Department,which is different from the Song Dynasty.