劳动力转移与农村家庭财富不平等:缓解还是加剧——基于转移就业的异质性分析

Labor Transfer and Rural Household Wealth Inequality:Mitigation or Aggravation?--Based on the Heterogeneity of Labor Employment Transfer

农村家庭财富由于劳动力转移就业的异质性而存在巨大差异。本文利用2015年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,采用RIF-Gini回归检验农村劳动力转移对家庭财富不平等的影响。研究发现:(1)劳动力转移率对农村家庭财富不平等的作用呈"U"型关系,劳动力转移率超过拐点值59.07%会加剧农村财富不平等,并且劳动力转移对中下层收入家庭的财富效应大于中上层家庭;(2)考虑转移就业的异质性后,"创业"明显提高了平均家庭财富,但同时也使财富差距扩大。"正式工作"和"临时工作"对不平等的影响仍呈"U"型关系,对应的拐点分别为53.1%和62.61%;(3)在地区差异和时间趋势上,与东部地区相比,在经济相对落后的中部地区转移就业更容易加剧家庭财富不平等。在2011年、2013年和2015年,"就业"(正式工作和临时工作的合并)对应的拐点逐年上升,然而"创业"对应的拐点平稳下降,这表明"创业"给家庭带来的财富效应在增强,而"就业"的财富效应在减弱。本文进一步研究发现,劳动力转移率会随着贫困深度的增加而加速下降,这导致最贫困的一部分家庭并没有享受到劳动力转移带来的收入改善。

The wealth of rural households varies greatly due to the heterogeneity of labor employment transfer.Using the data of China Family Financial Survey(CHFS)in 2015,this paper uses RIF-Gini regression to test the impact of rural labor transfer on household wealth inequality.We found that:(1)The effect of labor transfer on rural household wealth inequality is U-shaped.If the rate of labor transfer exceeds 59.07%,which is the value of the inflection point,rural wealth inequality will increase.The wealth effect of labor transfer on middle and lower-income households is greater than that of upper and middle households.(2)Considering the heterogeneity of labor employment transfer,"Entrepreneurship"has significantly increased the average household wealth,but also widened the wealth gap.The impact of"formal work"and"temporary work"on inequality is still U-shaped,and the corresponding inflection points are 53.1%and 62.61%,respectively.(3)The transfer of employment in the economically backward central region is more likely to aggravate household wealth inequality than in the eastern region in terms of regional differences and time trends.In 2011,2013 and 2015,the inflection point of"employment"(the merger of formal and temporary jobs)increased year by year,but the inflection point of"entrepreneurship"declined steadily.These phenomena indicate that the wealth effect of"entrepreneurship"on households is increasing,while the wealth effect of"employment"is weakening.Further studies have found that the rate of labor employment transfer is declining rapidly with the increase of poverty depth,which leads to the fact that some of the poorest households do not enjoy the income improvement brought by labor employment transfer.