江苏启东市鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

Analysis of Bird Community Structure and Diversity in Qidong City

随着城市化进程和人类活动的不断加剧,城市鸟类生存空间逐渐减小,进而影响了鸟类多样性。该研究通过历史资料收集与整理、样线法和样点法,对启东市鸟类物种组成和多样性进行了调查,研究表明启东市全年共统计到鸟类13目41科81属165种79 702只,其中雀形目调查到21科35属67种37 304只,为启东市鸟种最多的目,也是调查到个体数量最多的目;鸻形目共调查到鸟类5科18属46种26 741只,为启东市鸟类第二大目。不同季节鸟类多样性变异较大,启东市越冬季鸟类数量最多,秋季迁徙期数量最少,Margalef指数在夏季繁殖期最大,秋季迁徙期最小;Simpson指数在春季迁徙期最大,越冬期最小;而Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在秋季迁徙期最大,越冬期最小。在区系方面,以鸻鹬类、雁鸭类等西伯利亚等地区繁殖的古北种为主,占55.76%;其次是广布种,占31.51%;东洋种最少,占12.74%。在生态型组成上,启东市鸟类根据其生态型可划分为游禽、涉禽、陆禽、攀禽、猛禽、鸣禽六大类,分别占13.33%、36.97%、2.42%、4.24%、2.42%和40.61%,其中鸣禽为六大类中种类最多的型,是启东市鸟类中主要的组成部分。启东市鸟类优势种为麻雀、黑腹滨鹬2种;常见种有棕头鸦雀、灰鸻、白鹭、白头鹎、斑嘴鸭、家燕等共20种,偶见种有中华攀雀、苍鹭、凤头潜鸭、小等45种,其余为少见种,共98种。国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类8种,CITES 6种,IUCN 20种,红色名录18种。

With the development of urbanization and human activities,the living space of urban birds gradually decreased,which further affected the diversity of birds.In this study,the composition and diversity of bird species in Qidong City were investigated through the collection and arrangement of historical data,the method of sample lines,sample points and the method of direct number of zones.The results showed that a total of 79702 birds of 13 orders,41 families,81 genera and 165 species were investigated in Qidong City in the whole year,including passerine 21 families 35 genera 67 species 37304,26741 birds from 46 species of 18 genera and 5 families of charadriformes,the passeriformes were the most numerous orders,followed by charadriformes.There was great variation in the diversity of birds among different seasons in Qidong City,the maximum and the minimum number of birds occurred in winter and autumn migration period,respectively.The maximum and minimum value of Margalef index occurred in summer breeding period and autumn migration period,respectively.The maximum and minimum value of Simpson index occurred in the spring migration period and winter period,respectively.The maximum and minimum value of Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness index occurred in the autumn migration period and the smallest in the winter,respectively.According to the animal geographical region in China,the palaearctic species was the most such as waders,wild geese and ducks,accounting for 55.76%,then followed by ubiquitous species(31.51%)and oriental species(12.74%).In terms of the composition of ecological types,the birds in Qidong City can be divided into six categories according to their ecological types,i.e.swimming birds,wading birds,land birds,climbing birds,raptors and songbirds,accounting for 13.33%,36.97%,2.42%,4.24%,2.42%and 40.61%,respectively.Among them,songbirds were the most diverse types in the six categories,and were the main components of birds in Qidong City.The dominant species of birds in Qidong City were sparrow and black-bellied sandpiper.The common species were brown-headed corvids,grey plover,egrets,bulbul,spotted billed ducks and house martins,about 20 species.The occasionally species were Chinese climbing finch,heron,crested duck,about 45 species.There were 8 national classⅡprotected birds,6 CITES species,20 IUCN species and 18 red list species.