俄语表动物的名词性范畴语义研究

Semantic Features of Grammatical Gender of Russian Zoonyms

俄语中表动物名词的性范畴具有特殊的语义表现.根据相应概念是否具有上下位词之分,下位词是否有阳性阴性之分,以及上位词由哪种语法性的名词来充任,可将这些名词划分为四种表现类型,外加少数特殊情况.本文具体分析了这些语言事实,并指出其语义表现具有现实的理据:动物的性别二态性、人类的社会文化因素对词汇形成的影响.性别二态性和社会文化价值的差异在很大程度上决定了表动物名词的表现类型,并有助于说明某些看似不规则的情况.研究表明,对语法范畴的考察不能脱离对现实和语义的关注.

Russian has a special gender assignment system applying to zoonyms,where assignment of these nouns to a certain grammatical gender is semantical motivated(at least partially).Zoonyms can be divided into four subgroups according to some linguistic features,such as the relation between hyperonyms and hyponyms;the grammatical gender to which a hyperonym belongs.After analyzing these words we have found some semantic motivations of this assignment—the dimorphism of different animals and the sociocultural factors of lexical formation.The semantics of grammatical gender of zoonyms,especially the irregularities in this assignment system,can be explained by the above-mentioned factors.As it can be seen from this study,researchers of grammatical categories must consider reality and semantics as well,which is the basis of these categories.