归纳风险与价值涉入——以毒理学研究为例

Inductive Risk and the Permeation of Values:Taking Toxicology for Example

一种普遍的、广为接受的科学与价值之间的关系为:仅认知价值在科学内核中发挥作用,非认知价值只能关涉科学的外围,如问题的选择、方法论的限制、知识的应用等。然而,归纳风险论题通过对科学中决策错误而导致的非认知后果的权衡,使得非认知价值在接受何种风险的问题上发挥着不可或缺的功能。毒理学中的相关案例试图揭示出归纳风险在科学的内在阶段,如方法的选择、证据的描述与结果的解释中的具体表现形式,进而表明非认知价值在科学内核中的合理作用。

A common and widely accepted relationship between science and value is that:only cognitive values play a role in the core of science;non-cognitive values relate to the periphery of science,such as the selection of problems,the restriction on methods,and the application of knowledge,etc.However,the concept of inductive risk makes non-cognitive values play an indispensable role in the question of what kind of risk should be accepted by weighing non-cognitive consequences caused by mistakes of decision-making in science.Some relative cases in toxicology attempt to reveal the specific manifestations of inductive risk in the internal stages of science,such as the choice of method,the description of evidence and the explanation of result,and then suggest the legitimate function of non-cognitive values in the core of science.