黄宗羲《易学象数论》意旨发覆

On the Purport of Huang Zongxi’s Discussion of Images and Numbers in Changes Scholarship

黄宗羲《易学象数论》是一部系统探析与评判汉宋易学象数学与数术学的专门之作,其研究之高度与广度都远超局限于宋易或汉易的前贤与后学。后世对该书之认识与评价多局限于考据辨伪方面,既未能照见其所具之思想意义,又未能论及其总体之学术宗旨。该书前三卷论汉宋象数易说,黄宗羲以考论《河图》《洛书》与先天图为平生得意之笔。这些考论除了在考据上能发先儒所未发以外,在理论上则关涉到对理气关系的重新勘定。在认为汉宋象数易说多为"伪象"的同时,黄宗羲在该书中也试图建立他的易象学,其宗旨乃是将象数义理会归为一。后三卷论汉宋拟《易》援《易》之数术学,黄氏之首要目的是为了揭示此类数术学之真相,从而将之与《易》本身之象数区别开来,但其对数术学的肯认与研究还有更深层的原因,与其气化宇宙论、经世观念和历史演变观都有密切的关系。以今日之视野观之,该书由于过分强调经典之"真"而将与之不合之象数易说定之为"伪",没能看到汉宋象数易说在易学理论上的创新性及其在历史发展中的思想意义与价值,此为其局限性之所在。今日之易学象数学研究当承继前贤而再翻新篇。

Huang Zongxi’s(1610-1695)Discussion of Images and Numbers in Changes Scholarship is a special work that systematically analyzes and evaluates the Yi studies of image-numerology and arts of calculation in the Han(206BCE-220CE)and Song(960-1279)dynasties.The height and breadth of his research are far beyond those confined to Song Yi or Han Yi traditions.However,later generations’cognition and evaluation of the book was mostly limited to the field of textual research,failing to see its ideological significance,nor to discuss its overall academic purpose.The first three volumes of the book discuss the Changes scholarship of image-numerology in the Han and Song dynasties,and Huang Zongxi was proud of his research on the Yellow River Chart,Luo River Diagram and Image of Former Heaven.This textual research not only reveals what former Confucians had not found about the text,but also theoretically involves the re-determination of the relationship between li(principle)and qi(material force).While holding that theories on images and members in the Han and Song dynasties were mostly forged,Huang Zongxi also tried to establish his own theory of Yi images,the purpose of which was to integrate images,numbers,meanings,and principles into one.The last three volumes discuss studies on arts of calculation based on the Changes.Huang Zongxi’s primary purpose is to reveal the truth of this type of mathematics and distinguish it from the Changes itself.There are deeper reasons for the recognition and research of arts of calculation,which are closely related to his cosmology,the concept of the world and the concept of historical evolution.From today’s perspective,the book overemphasizes the truth of the classics,so the inconsistent Yi studies of image-numerological is regarded as fake.It fails to see the originality of the image-numerological theories of Yi in the Han and Song dynasties and their ideological significance and value in the historical development,this is where its limitation lies.Today’s research on images and numbers in the Changes should be inherited from the predecessors and be renovated then.