边地秩序:明代云南西南边疆地区的“内”、“外”之别

Borderland Order:The Distinction of“Internal”and“External”in Yunnan Southwest Frontier during the Ming Dynasty

有明一代,云南西南地区一直存在“内”、“外”之别。从明初的“版图之外”、“三江之外宜土不宜流,三江之内宜流不宜土”,到明中期的“远近之夷”,再到明末的“内外之夷”,“内”、“外”观念在发展,视角也在不断变化。在经历了“麓川之役”和明缅战争之后,地方士人对“内”、“外”土司的划分也发生了变化。从明初到明末,随着边地秩序的确立及重塑,“内”、“外”的涵义不断变化,呈现出动态和多元的特征。

In the Ming Dynasty,there had always been a distinction between“internal”and“external”in the southwest frontier of Yunnan.The concepts of“internal and external”was developing,and the perspective was constantly changing,from“outside of the territory”and“beyond the three rivers,it was not suitable for officials dispatched by the central authority,and within unsuitable for the Chieftain system”in the early Ming Dynasty,to“Yi people far and near”in the middle Ming period,then to“Yi people internal and external”in the late.After the battle of Luchuan and the Ming-Burma War,the division of the“internal”and“external”chieftain by local elites had also changed.From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the end,with the establishment and reshaping of the borderland order,the meanings of“internal”and“external”was constantly changing,showing dynamic and pluralistic characteristics.